Audism Essay Example

Audism Essay My Mother and Father instilled DOD morals upon me. I was never taught to feel superior or inferior to anybody. My Mother showed me right from wrong. If I even so much as whispered a racial slur, I would have been punished harshly. But I never thought in black and white or Deaf and hearing. I knew growing up that God has the right to judge but we as humans do not. Of course growing up had curiosities and still to this day I still do, but there is a place and time to ask those questions. How could I discriminate against anybody for any reason. It would be shameful, because they could turn it back on me. Growing up I was ridiculed for being poor. My Dad worked hard but we lived within our means. My sister-in laws cousin is deaf. She wears a hearing aid and speaks. By seeing the movie, now know that she is an audits. She always feels superior to Deaf people who cannot speak and Deaf people who do not having hearing devices of some kind. That is definitely autism in the works. I remember specifically one time we were eating out all together; me, my brother, his wife, and the cousin. The cousin was making fun off girl at her work that cant speak well because she is Deaf. We will write a custom essay sample on Audism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Audism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Audism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The cousin was just telling us the story about it. She said that her co-worker is Deaf and wears a hearing aid but doesnt speak well and that she is better than her cause she speaks. I just stayed quiet to keep the peace in my family but I knew that wasnt right. She considers herself hearing not Deaf. I told her that was taking SSL and Deaf Culture this semester and she didnt have a reaction. She just said well good luck with that. Since we come from a small town, we all grew up around each other. To try to spark some curiosity in her; always find myself telling her owe my classes are going. Maybe to change her ways of thinking. Autism should be punished by the court systems. Its sad that children and adults that are Deaf are left out of a lot of things, especially in their own families. It made me angry in the movie how they spoke of their family members saying Ill tell you later, or not important. Its just rude to exclude somebody for any reason. For English I wrote a Proposal paper on a device called order assist. Its a package that can be purchased by fast-food restaurants to make it easier for Deaf people to order through a drive-thru.

Quotations

Quotations Quotations Quotations By Mark Nichol When quotations are integrated into the syntax of a sentence, joining forces with a paraphrase to create an extended statement, the first word in the original quote is generally not capitalized. Here are three examples of sentences in which the quotation’s initial word is demoted. 1. Without federal instructions, he added, â€Å"People are just going to keep putting stuff out on the road with no guidance on how do we do this the right way.† The quotation marks accurately denote the speaker’s exact statement, but the writer has inserted a modifying phrase to provide additional context, paraphrasing the speaker’s intent. Because the combination of this phrase and the original statement constitute a grammatically complete sentence, the first word of the original quotation should be lowercased to indicate that it has been incorporated into a more comprehensive statement: â€Å"Without federal instructions, he added, ‘people are just going to keep putting stuff out on the road with no guidance on how do we do this the right way.’† (As originally written, the implication is that the person added the comment despite having no federal instructions.) 2. â€Å"You can admit that ‘Yes, there is a need in a humane society for institutions that take care of people who are poor.’† As with the previous example, the initial paraphrase has been inserted to provide context, so yes is no longer the first word of a sentence. Also, normally, when that serves as a bridge from a paraphrase to a quotation, in order to provide a seamless syntax, no punctuation follows that. Here, however, yes is an interjection, so it must be preceded and followed by punctuation: â€Å"You can admit that, ‘yes, there is a need in a humane society for institutions that take care of people who are poor.’† 3. The lawsuit also alleges that Remington and the other defendants â€Å"Marketed and promoted the assaultive qualities and military uses of AR-15s to civilian purchasers.† Here, the quoted material was never stated or written as a complete sentence. As a partial quotation, it should begin with a word that starts with a lowercase letter: â€Å"The lawsuit also alleges that Remington and the other defendants ‘marketed and promoted the assaultive qualities and military uses of AR-15s to civilian purchasers.’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals80 Idioms with the Word TimeShore It Up

Technical Rationality and Reflection in Action Essay

Technical Rationality and Reflection in Action - Essay Example Both technical rationality and reflection in action represents the views of a society that can be measured and explained logically. The two concepts are essential in the finding of solutions for most professional problems and difficulties. Therefore, technical rationality is concerned with establishment of technicality in a profession while reflection in action is concerned with the application of the acquired knowledge. Both technical rationality and reflection in action limit the application of real knowledge in professionalism. Reflection in action is also considered as the first step towards attaining technical rationality. This is because technical rationality is vital in defining technical proficiency. Technical proficiency in turn determines the professional capacity or ability of an individual. Technical rationality and reflection in action have often been considered as theoretical concepts. However, technical rationality and reflection have a high degree of application (Smith, 1999). Technical rationality and reflection are essential in health care administration. The healthcare sector is a significant sector to the country and this makes the sector to be of interest to the legal system of a country. The sector also has a significant number of employees who need clear specification on their duties and limitations. Health practitioners also require knowing their limitations and expectations in the medical practice. Medical ethics provide essential guidelines for heath workers in their practice. Efficient and all-inclusive health workers policies and ethics can only be achieved through application of technical rationality. Technical rationality enables healthcare administrators to design logical policies for healthcare practitioners (Kraska, 2004). Healthcare administrators are also responsible for handling legal issues within the practice. This proves technical rationality and reflection

The Great Escape Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Great Escape - Assignment Example This project has been in the research field for many years trying to make some improvements pegged on the technological status of the world. This project also gets its boost financially from SETI Institute of Mountain View USA. This institute has been funding this project from the year of its publication, which is February 1995, leading to a great change and advancement of their research methods. The financial stability of this project has really boosted and triggered some of the inventions they carry out in relation to technology (Basalla, 36). This project was first started by Parkes radio telescope which is based on the South Wales in Australia. Initially, before the SETI Institute started funding this project, the Parkes radio telescope institute, who also happened to be the introducer of this project, was responsible for all the findings that the project might have needed during those days. This project conducts a thorough research technologically basing some of its analysis and references to the scientific principles. Since its year of establishment, the project has really grown and undergone a lot of advancements leading to the expansion of various branches and subsections. Aims of the construction project As a technological project, it is always aimed at improving the technological status of the world. Moreover, it exposes some of the hidden scientific principles and knowledge to people. Although it scans the whole sky for messages, it also bases its facts and actions in a simple manner that favors human understanding. Due to the fact that SETI Institute is responsible for the balance of financial stability of this project, all the processes or activities involved in the project are, therefore, fully controlled by this institution (Sclove, 92). The aims of the project are also based on the institution’s goals and targets. The SETI Institution is one of the world-recognized institutions that deals with the transmission of signals, especially those of the radio. The project also searches for signals that are as narrow as 1 Hz lying between 1000 to 300 MHz. The Phoenix research is very broad as compared to any other research project. Though the SETI researches tend to be advanced, they still rely on the Project Phoenix for their stability pegged on research cases. Findings of the Construction Project Based on signal researches that the project has been carrying out for years, there is a clear indication that some of the projects researches work out. This can be proved by the narrow signals that the project invented. Many other research organizations have not yet reached the limit to which Phoenix project has reached today. This project also focuses its research up to about 800 stars with a light-year range of 200. Due to this research, the project announced its failure in finding extraterrestrial signals within the 800 stars that happened to have been in their list of research (Abbate, 28). This failure made the project manage r, or leader, Peter Backus to make a remark that people live in a quite a neighborhood. Significance of construction project to SETI programs Phoenix project is one of the research projects being of great importance to some of the SET programs. Due to this significance that it holds for SETI, it is, therefore, funded by the SETI institution to enable them advance in more signal researches. Though SETI also carries out researches, it still gets some bits of support from Phoenix project as that is their main reason for funding Phoenix project. The programs

Macroeconomics Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroeconomics Discussion - Essay Example Money supply is the money circulating in the economy which is created by the FED, the depositors, and investors. Each of the 12 Federal Reserve banks perform the following: a. clear checks; b. issue new currency; c. withdraw damaged currency from circulation; d. administer and make discount loans to banks in their districts; e. evaluate proposed mergers and applications for banks to expand their activities; f. act as intermediaries between the business community and the Fed; g. examine bank holding companies and state-chartered banks; h. collect data on local business conditions; i. use their staff of professional economist to research topics related to monetary policy (Mishkin 369- 370). The money supply can be changed by increasing our deposits held by banks. This money creates a repercussion of effects in the economy when borrowed by companies who use this for their operations. Through the money multiplier, the invested money could increase employment an output more than its actual value. (3.) You are appointed as the chair of FRB. Congratulations! Chair, economy is in recession what are the policy measures you will undertake to push GDP toward potential GDP What are the problems of implementing monetary policy in practice Under an expansionary policy, the central bank must increase the money supply and lower the short- term interest rates. The Fed can engage in the following: a. open market purchase which expands reserves and monetary base; b. lower the discount rate which encourages borrowing by banks; or c. lower the reserve requirements among banks. Part Three: write a few sentences summarizing what you have learned and how learning this will help you personally. :) Thanks!! The most important thing which I have learned so far is the interdependence of the players in an economy. It is very important to note that the action of one player can have a tremendous effect in other sectors. Learning the functions of money, how money is controlled and managed, and how it can be used to stimulate or slow down the economy is really something very interesting to me. Knowing that my actions can influence the economy, I can now align my decisions in order to help the FED to achieve its economic goals. This is very important noting the forecasted downturn in the US economy in the coming future. Part Four:What is money supply, M1 and M2 which definition of money supply is more liquid and why M1 is the narrowest measure of money which includes currency, checking account deposits and travelers checks. The M2 includes the M1 plus other assets that have check-writing features such as small-denomination time deposits,

Research Assignment on Data File Structure

Research Assignment on Data File Structure Raghavendra Tyagi TOPIC OF ASSIGNMENT The letters in English language, make up words. While no word is less or more than another, one could view a word that appears before another in the dictionary is less than that word, and a word that appears afterwards is more. By this definition, identical words are the same. Parsing a file is when you read a file to collect information from the file. In this assignment, you will parse a file, and put all of the words in a Binary Search Tree. You will use the Binary Search Tree to collect data about the number of times a word was found in the file. The first word you encounter will be the root. If the next word is greater, put it to the right. If it is less, put it to the left. It is possible that the tree you make will be very sparse. Assume all words in the file are lower case or covert them to lower case. After you have loaded the file into your Binary Search Tree, the program should display the in-order, pre-order post-order traversal of the Binary Search Tree. The user should be given the chance to type a word. The computer should say the number of times the word was found in the file (zero or more). BINARY SEARCH TREE INTRODUCTION: In  computer science, a binary search tree (BST), sometimes also called an ordered or sorted binary tree, is a  node-based  binary tree  data structure which has the following properties The left  sub tree  of a node contains only nodes with keys less than the nodes key. The right sub tree of a node contains only nodes with keys greater than the nodes key. The left and right sub tree each must also be a binary search tree. There must be no duplicate nodes ADVANTAGE: The major advantage of binary search trees over other  data structures  is that the related sorting Algorithm and  search algorithms  such as  in-order traversal  can be very efficient. BINARY SEARCH TREE (PROPERTY): Letxbe a node in a binary search tree. Ifyis a node in the left sub tree ofx, theny. key x. key. OPERATIONS: Operations, such asfind, on a binary search tree require comparisons between nodes. These comparisons are made with calls to a comparator, which is a  subroutine  that computes the total order (linear order) on any two keys. This comparator can be explicitly or implicitly defined, depending on the language in which the binary search tree was implemented. SEARCHING: Searching a binary search tree for a specific key can be a  recursive  or an  iterative  process. We begin by examining the  root node. If the tree isnull, the key we are searching for does not exist in the tree. Otherwise, if the key equals that of the root, the search is successful and we return the node. If the key is less than that of the root, we search the left sub tree. Similarly, if the key is greater than that of the root, we search the right sub tree. This process is repeated until the key is found or the remaining sub tree is null. If the searched key is not found before a null sub tree is reached, then the item must not be present in the tree. INSERTION: Insertion begins as a search would begin; if the key is not equal to that of the root, we search the left or right sub trees as before. Eventually, we will reach an external node and add the new key-value pair (here encoded as a record new Node) as its right or left child, depending on the nodes key. In other words, we examine the root and recursively insert the new node to the left sub tree if its key is less than that of the root, or the right sub tree if its key is greater than or equal to the root. DELETION: There are three possible cases to consider: Deleting a leaf (node with no children):Deleting a leaf is easy, as we can simply remove it from the tree. Deleting a node with one child:Remove the node and replace it with its child. Deleting a node with two children:Call the node to be deletedN. Do not deleteN. Instead, choose either its  in-order  successor node or its in-order predecessor node,R. Replace the value ofNwith the value ofR, then deleteR. BST FIGURE: Preorder traversal sequence: F, B, A, D, C, E, G, I, H (Root, left, right) In order traversal sequence: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I (left, root, right) Post order traversal sequence: A, C, E, D, B, H, I, G, (left, right, root) ASSIGNMENT CODE #include #include struct treeNode { char data[10]; struct treeNode *left, *right; }; struct treeNode *root = NULL; struct treeNode* createNode(char data) { struct treeNode *newNode; newNode = (struct treeNode*)malloc(sizeof(struct treeNode)); newNode->data = data; newNode->left = NULL; newNode->right = NULL; return(newNode); } void insertion(struct treeNode **node, char data) { if (*node == NULL) { *node = createNode(data); } else if (data data) { insertion((*node)->left, data); } else if (data > (*node)->data) { insertion((*node)->right, data); } } void deletion(struct treeNode **node, struct treeNode **parent, char data) { struct treeNode *tmpNode, *tmpParent; if (*node == NULL) return; if ((*node)->data == data) { if (!(*node)->left !(*node)->right) { if (parent) { if ((*parent)->left == *node) (*parent)->left = NULL; else (*parent)->right = NULL; free(*node); } else { free(*node); } } else if (!(*node)->right (*node)->left) { tmpNode = *node; (*parent)->right = (*node)->left; free(tmpNode); *node = (*parent)->right; } else if ((*node)->right !(*node)->left) { tmpNode = *node; (*parent)->left = (*node)->right; free(tmpNode); (*node) = (*parent)->left; } else if (!(*node)->right->left) { tmpNode = *node; (*node)->right->left = (*node)->left; (*parent)->left = (*node)->right; free(tmpNode); *node = (*parent)->left; } else { tmpNode = (*node)->right; while (tmpNode->left) { tmpParent = tmpNode; tmpNode = tmpNode->left; } tmpParent->left = tmpNode->right; tmpNode->left = (*node)->left; tmpNode->right =(*node)->right; free(*node); *node = tmpNode; } } else if (data data) { deletion((*node)->left, node, data); } else if (data > (*node)->data) { deletion((*node)->right, node, data); } } void findElement(struct treeNode *node, chardata) { if (!node) return; else if (data data) { findElement(node->left, data); } else if (data > node->data) { findElement(node->right, data); } else printf(data found: %sn, node->data); return; } void traverse(struct treeNode *node) { if (node != NULL) { traverse(node->left); printf(%3d, node->data); traverse(node->right); } return; } int main() { char data; int ch; while (1) { printf(1. Insertion in Binary Search Treen); printf(2. Deletion in Binary Search Treen); printf(3. Search Element in Binary Search Treen); printf(4. Inorder traversaln5. Exitn); printf(Enter your choice:); scanf(%d, ch); switch (ch) { case 1: while (1) { printf(Enter your data:); scanf(%s, data); insertion(root, data); printf(Continue Insertion(0/1):); scanf(%d, ch); if (!ch) break; } break; case 2: printf(Enter your data:); scanf(%s, data); deletion(root, NULL, data); break; case 3: printf(Enter value for data:); scanf(%s, data); findElement(root, data); break; case 4: printf(Inorder Traversal:n); traverse(root); printf(n); break; case 5: exit(0); default: printf(uve entered wrong optionn); break; } } return 0; } [[emailprotected] ~]$vi t.c [[emailprotected] ~]$gcc t.c [[emailprotected] ~]$./a.out OUTPUT: 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal 5. Exit Enter your choice:1 Enter your data: aim Continue Insertion(0/1):1 Enter your data: age Continue Insertion(0/1):1 Enter your data: admit Continue Insertion(0/1):1 Enter your data: agree Continue Insertion(0/1):1 Enter your data: blue Continue Insertion(0/1):0 Resultant Binary Search Tree after insertion operation: aim / age blue / admit agree 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal 5. Exit Enter your choice:4 Inorder Traversal: admit, age, agree, aim , blue 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal 5. Exit Enter your choice:2 Enter your data:admit Delete node admit aim / age blue / agree 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal 5. Exit Enter your choice:3 Enter value for data:age data found: age No of occurrence:1 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversa 5. Exit Enter your choice:5[[emailprotected] ~]$ COMPLEXITY OF BINARY SEARCH TREE It could be O(n^2) even if the tree is balanced. Suppose youre adding a sorted list of numbers, all larger than the largest number in the tree. In that case, all numbers will be added to the right child of the rightmost leaf in the tree, Hence O(n^2). For example, suppose that you add the numbers [15..115] to the following tree: The numbers will be added as a long chain, each node having a single right hand child. For the i-th element of the list, youll have to traverse ~i nodes, which yields O(n^2). In general, if youd like to keep the insertion and retrieval at O(nlogn), you need to use  Self Balancing trees

Are Genetics Responsible for Allergies? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Are Genetics Responsible for Allergies? A Study In Identical Twins Everyone has either suffered from some kind of allergy, or knows somebody who has suffered from allergies. Allergies are the source of irritating symptoms, ranging from a painless skin rash to life-threatening breathing problems. For years, researchers have been trying to find out the source of these allergies. Some have suggested that environmental factors or early exposure to certain foods can cause allergies later in life, while others say that allergies are caused by genetics. To test the latter theory, many researchers study identical twins to see if sets of twins share allergies. If both twins were to share a particular allergy, than this may prove that allergies are genetic. To completely understand the remainder of this essay, one must understand the difference between identical twins and fraternal twins. Twin zygosity is the genetic relationship of twins. There are two types of twins: monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins, and dizygotic twins, also known as fraternal twins. Identical twins have exactly identical DNA strands; they are same sex and they have very similar physical traits. They come from one egg that is fertilized by one sperm. Some time after conception, the egg splits resulting in two babies. Fraternal twins only have half identical DNA; that is, only one strand of the double-stranded DNA is the same. They come from two individual eggs that are fertilized by two individual sperms. They are either same sex or different sex, and are just like siblings of same parents born at different times. There are other kinds of twins as well; for example, "mirror-image twins," "polar body twins," and "half-identical twins." These names refe r to the time that the egg splits in identical twins. This essay, however, will deal with only identical and fraternal twins (5). The question now is, Are identical twins allergic to the same things? Since identical twins have exactly identical DNA, the sharing of allergies can shed some light on the role of genetics in allergies. All sorts of food allergies affect eight percent of children and two percent of adults in the United States. Allergic reactions happen because one's immune system overreacts to regular foods that are ordinarily harmless to the general population (7). An allergy affecting many children and adults recently in the United States is an allergy to peanuts. In the last few years, tremendous amounts of people have developed this allergy, which seems, in most cases, to be very severe.

Esterification

To synthesis ecstatically acid by stratification. Introduction: A pleasant, often fruity, odor is characteristic of some of the simpler esters. Ethyl butyrate smells similar to pineapples, the odor of n-propel acetate is reminiscent of pears and isopleths acetate has a strong banana fragrance. Esters are derivatives of the carboxylic acids and contain the following functional group: The synthesis of an ester can be accomplished in one of several ways. An stratification occurs when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid are reacted in the reserve of a mineral acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid.Because these reactions result in an equilibrium mixture of both products and reactants, the reaction conditions must be manipulated in order to produce a reasonable yield. A large excess of one of the reactants can be used in the starting mixture or alternatively, one of the products can be removed as the reaction proceeds (as by a distillation), to shift the equilibrium to the right. Other synthet ic pathways to esters also exist. Acid chlorides react with alcohols to yield an ester and hydrochloric acid.A small amount of pyridine is usually deed to the reaction mixture to neutralize the resulting acid. Acid anhydride can also react with alcohols to produce esters. Unlike the reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols, neither of these two methods for preparing esters results in an equilibrium mixture. Ecstatically acid, or aspirin, is one of the most widely used and versatile drugs known today. It was first synthesized by Charles von Gerhardt in 1 853 and was later patented by a German dye chemist named Frederica Brayer in 1893 who recognized its potential as an analgesic (pain reliever).Salicylic acid, a impotent of willow and poplar bark, had been used as a pain killer for centuries, but its highly acidic property caused irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat and also resulted in uncomfortable gastric pain. By transforming the acidic phenol functio nality into an ester group, the compound retained its analgesic properties but lost some of its irritating side- effects. In addition to relieving pain, aspirin is also an antipathetic (fever reducer) and an anti-inflammatory agent (used for arthritis). Like all drugs, aspirin also has some undesirable side effects which should be tote.When taken in large quantities (several grams per day), gastric problems can result. Its use has been implicated in Rexes syndrome, a brain disorder that can affect people under the age of 18. Some people are highly allergic to aspirin. Finally, aspirin interferes with platelets and affects normal blood clotting which can lead to hemorrhaging in extreme cases. However, its anticoagulant properties can also be used to advantage in preventing blood clots from forming in the arteries. Recent studies have shown that the consumption of one half of an aspirin tablet per day can help to prevent heart attacks and strokes.Aspirin can be synthesized by the stra tification of salicylic acid via reaction with acetic anhydride. A few drops of phosphoric acid are added to serve as a catalyst for the reaction. The use of acetic anhydride as a reactant, instead of acetic acid, results in a rapid and irreversible conversion of salicylic acid to ecstatically acid. Experimental Procedure: Synthesis of ecstatically acid 1 . A 400 ml beaker containing about 150 ml of water was heated to the boiling point on a hot plate. 2. 2 g of salicylic acid was weighed out and it was placed in a 100 ml conical flask. . 5 ml of acetic anhydride was added into the conical flask. . 5 drops of 85% phosphoric acid, HAPPY was added. The flask was swirled to mix the reactants and then it was clamped in the boiling water bath. It was heated for about 8 minutes. 5. The flask was removed carefully from the hot water bath and the hot plate was turned off. 2 ml of distilled water was added cautiously to the flask. The water will react with any unrelated acetic anhydride whic h remains. 6. Once the reaction between acetic anhydride and water had subsided, 40 ml Of water Was added to the flask. 7. The contents was allowed to cool at room temperature for minutes then the flask was placed in ice. . The contents was stirred with a glass rod periodically during this cooling period. The solid product was collected by vacuum filtration and it was washed with cooled water. 9. A small portion (spatula-tip full, 20-30 MGM) of this crude ecstatically acid was set aside. 10. To recitalist the ecstatically acid, it was transferred to a 100 ml conical flask and 10 ml of 95% ethanol was added. 1 1. The flask was heated slowly on a hot plate just until the aspirin completely dissolved. As soon as all of the solid has dissolved, the flask was removed from the hot plate. 12.Water was added to the solution in 5 ml portions, it was swirled after each addition, until a total of 40 ml of water has been added. 13. The flask was placed in an ice bath for 10 minutes to complete the crystallization. 14. The purified aspirin was collected by vacuum filtration. The crystals was washed in the funnel with ice-cold water. The vacuum was left on for a few minutes to air dry the purified aspirin, the crystals was then pressed between two pieces of filter paper to thoroughly dry them. 5. The mass, yield and melting point of dried aspirin were obtained. Results: Weight of salicylic acid used: 2. 0021 g Weight of watch glass: 20. 536 g Weight of watch glass t product: 21. 6651 g Weight of product: 1. 3115 g no. Of mole of salicylic acid: = 0. 01450 mol Volume Of acetic anhydride used 5 ml Density of acetic anhydride = 1. 082 g/ml Mass of acetic anhydride used = 1. 082 g/ml x 5 ml = 5. 41 g no. Of mole of acetic anhydride: – 0. 0530 mol = 3. 66>1 Since the mol of salicylic acid is smaller than the mol of acetic anhydride, salicylic acid is a limiting agent. Mol of salicylic acid produced 1 mol of ecstatically acid. 0. 01450 mol of salicylic acid produced 0. 014 50 mol of ecstatically acid. Theoretical weight of ecstatically acid: 0. 1450 mol x 180. 16 gnu-mol = 2. 6123 g Percentage yield: x 100% = 50. 20 % 50 % Melting point of aspirin: 138 – 140 co Discussion: Aspirin is an effective analgesic (pain reliever), antipathetic (fever reducer) and anti-inflammatory' agent and is one of the most widely used non-prescription drugs. The active ingredient in aspirin was found to be salicylic acid. The structure of salicylic acid is shown below. In this experiment, aspirin is formed from the reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride through stratification. Aspirin can be made by reacting salicylic acid with acetic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst.The phenol group on the salicylic acid forms an ester with the carboxylic group on the acetic acid. However, this reaction is slow and has a relatively low yield. If acetic anhydride was used instead of acetic acid, the reaction will be much faster and has a higher yield (since ac etic anhydride is much more reactive than acetic acid). Therefore, we used acetic anhydride for shorten the period f stratification. In order for reaction to occur faster, phosphoric acid was added as a catalyst. Then the solution was being placed in the hot water bath to heat up and thus triggering the reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride.The reaction was shown as below: In this experiment, the salicylic acid is the limiting reactant and the acetic anhydride is in excess. The addition of distilled water into the mixture after it is being removed from the water bath is to let the water react with the remaining acetic anhydride in the mixture which are still not being reacted. A vigorous reaction will occur as the decomposition of the excess acetic anhydride is exothermic. Once the decomposition of the excess acetic anhydride has completed, more water was added, forming completing the reaction.Now the solution contains two kinds of products, which are ecstatically aci d and acetic acid, according to the reaction shown below. The reason why acetic acid is dissolved in this process but not ecstatically acid was due to the hydrogen bonding of acetic acid can form with water while ecstatically acid cannot. This is due to the large carbon group maintained by ecstatically acid which caused it to have difficulties from forming hydrogen bond with water. The aspirin collected will then be purified by rationalizations. In this purification method, the crude aspirin will be dissolved in a small amount of warm ethanol.Water was then be added and the solution was cooled slowly in the ice bath and then chilled. The ecstatically acid will recitalist, and the solid impurities (unrelated salicylic acid) should remain dissolved in the solution. The solid aspirin will again be collected using vacuum filtration. Rationalizations was needed to obtain a pure product from the crude product. Therefore, this aspirin should be more pure than the original aspirin. The fina l product was left in air dry and weighed. The theoretical and percentage yield was calculated. The weight of ecstatically acid obtained was 1. 115 g while the percentage yield of product was 50%. Besides, the melting point of ecstatically acid we obtained was in the range of 1 38 – 140 By comparing these observed melting points with the literature value of 138 – CHIC for ecstatically acid, it was found that the values were exactly the same, indicating that both rodents were ecstatically acid( previously stated as ecstatically acid and acetic acid). The above reaction was an example of an organic synthesis called stratification. Stratification is the acid catcalled reaction of a carboxylic (-COHO) group and an -OH group of an alcohol or phenol to form a carboxylic ester.In the synthesis of aspirin, the -OH group is the phenol OH group attached to ring of the salicylic acid. The acetic group, ;COACH comes from acetic anhydride, and the reaction is catcalled by phosphori c acid, HAPPY. Salicylic acid has a higher priority as it has a benzene ring which s more stable than the open chain of acetic anhydride because it has more resonance. Salicylic acid reacts better with acetic anhydride than acetic acid, so acetic acid will provide the acetic group which will react with the alcoholic – OH group on the salicylic acid.The hydrogen ion from the hydroxyl group in the salicylic acid breaks away first, then combines with the oxygen which has a negative charge after acetic anhydride is broken into two parts, which are an alkyl carbonyl group and -?CHOC- group. This is how acetic acid is formed. Later on, the alkyl carbonyl group of acetic anhydride which now has positive charge due to the lack Of oxygen atom, connects to the oxygen atom which has a negative charge, lastly produced ecstatically acid as a neutral compound product.The mechanism of how an ecstatically acid formed from stratification reaction will be shown: Precaution steps: 1 . When hand ling phosphoric acid, students should be aware of spill it out because it is corrosive. 2. When adding water to the heated solution, students should be careful and added in small amount of water because it may splatter to the surroundings due to the vigorous reaction. 3. The elution was allowed to cool at room temperature before putting it into the ice bath for the process of crystallization in order to get crystals in a nicer form and in correct manner.

Homemade Shampoo From Scratch

Homemade Shampoo From Scratch There are a lot of reasons why you might want to make your own shampoo from scratch. The big two probably are wanting to avoid the chemicals in commercial shampoos by controlling the ingredients, and wanting to save a few bucks by making it yourself. Back in ye olden days, shampoo was soap with additional moisturizers so that it didnt strip the natural oils from your scalp and hair. Although you can make shampoos that are dry or solid, it is easier to use if there is enough water to make a gel or liquid. Shampoos tend to be acidic because if the pH gets too high (alkaline) the sulfur bridges in the hair keratin can break, causing damage that no detangler could repair. This recipe for making your own gentle shampoo is chemically a liquid soap, except vegetable-based (many soaps use animal fat) and with alcohol and glycerin added during the process. Make it in a well-ventilated room or outdoors and be sure to read all of the safety precautions on the ingredients. Ingredients 5 1/4 cups of olive oil2 7/8 cups of solid-type vegetable shortening2 cups of coconut oil1 1/4 cups of lye (sodium hydroxide)4 cups water3 tablespoons glycerin  (glycerol)1 tablespoon vodka (or another food-quality ethanol, but do not use methanol)3 tablespoons castor oilOptional: Essential oils like peppermint, rosemary, or lavender for fragrance and therapeutic properties Directions In a large pan, mix together the olive oil, shortening, and coconut oil.In a well-ventilated area, preferably wearing gloves and eye protection in case of accidents, mix the lye and water. Use a glass or enameled container. This is an exothermic reaction, so heat will be produced.Warm the oils to 95 F to 98 F and allow the lye solution to cool to the same temperature. One of the easiest ways to accomplish this is to set both containers into a large sink or pan full of water that is at the correct temperature.When both mixtures are at the proper temperature, stir the lye solution into the oils. The mixture will turn opaque and may darken.When the mixture has a creamy texture, stir in the glycerine, alcohol, castor oil, and any fragrance oils or colorants.You have a couple of options here. You can pour the shampoo into soap molds and allow it to harden. To use this shampoo, either lather it with your hands and work it into your hair or else shave flakes into hot water to liquefy it.The other option is to make liquid shampoo, which involves adding more water to your shampoo mixture and bottling it. You may have noticed that many shampoos are pearlescent. You can make your homemade shampoo glittery by adding glycol distearate, which is a natural wax derived from stearic acid. The tiny wax particles reflect light, causing the effect.

Free Essays on Americas Press

A Brief History America's press has never been perfect. Far from it. Our first newspapers were highly partisan, mean-spirited and completely unprofessional by today's standards. But crude as they were, these so-called "scandalmongers" served as the public's watchdog of government and of its powerful friends, despite an early misguided effort through the Alien and Sedition Act to neuter the watchdog. The more enlightened of our founding fathers understood that an independent, free and unfettered press was critical to engaging the populace in its democracy, and that such engagement was essential for representative government to work. They intuitively knew that an independent press would evolve as the country evolved. That there would be - that there needed to be a multitude of voices to represent the diverse opinions, interests and backgrounds of the population. The key to preserving this leg of the democracy stool was to protect it from external controls, whether from the government through laws restraining its freedom, or from individuals or businesses chilling its independence through harassing litigation. The principle was so important it became the stepping off point for the Bill of Rights. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Supreme Court's interpretation of it through the last century. All of which ensured the evolution of a diverse and truly free press. The expansion of our press, paralleled the expanded participation of our citizens in their own government. This was critical. Without expanded inclusion, American democracy would have failed because so many of our people would not have had a stake in its survival. Until the last decade or two, this evolution was generally for the better. It fostered individual rights, more inclusion in the social, economic and political life of the country, and it spurred greater standards of public accountability and ethical behavio... Free Essays on America's Press Free Essays on America's Press A Brief History America's press has never been perfect. Far from it. Our first newspapers were highly partisan, mean-spirited and completely unprofessional by today's standards. But crude as they were, these so-called "scandalmongers" served as the public's watchdog of government and of its powerful friends, despite an early misguided effort through the Alien and Sedition Act to neuter the watchdog. The more enlightened of our founding fathers understood that an independent, free and unfettered press was critical to engaging the populace in its democracy, and that such engagement was essential for representative government to work. They intuitively knew that an independent press would evolve as the country evolved. That there would be - that there needed to be a multitude of voices to represent the diverse opinions, interests and backgrounds of the population. The key to preserving this leg of the democracy stool was to protect it from external controls, whether from the government through laws restraining its freedom, or from individuals or businesses chilling its independence through harassing litigation. The principle was so important it became the stepping off point for the Bill of Rights. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Supreme Court's interpretation of it through the last century. All of which ensured the evolution of a diverse and truly free press. The expansion of our press, paralleled the expanded participation of our citizens in their own government. This was critical. Without expanded inclusion, American democracy would have failed because so many of our people would not have had a stake in its survival. Until the last decade or two, this evolution was generally for the better. It fostered individual rights, more inclusion in the social, economic and political life of the country, and it spurred greater standards of public accountability and ethical behavio...

Acquisition Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acquisition Strategy - Research Paper Example I’ll pick two of the most important ones and discuss them; Walmart and Google. Both these companies are from totally different industries and have made a benchmark for the rest of the business world. It’s not an unusual thing to hear Google taking its business to new levels by massive buyouts such as YouTube and DoubleClick, or even partnership with huge companies such as with AOL and MySpace. However, Google’s acquisition strategies are different from most of the other companies. Many of their acquisitions seem to come out of nowhere and seem totally random. The secret of Google’s success is to follow the numbers. With their data acquisition and statistical gathering technologies —Web Search, AdWords, Blog Search, Maps, GoogleBot, Finance, AdSense, and so on — Google calculates and analyze the following and then work on the acquisition strategy: Walmart has laid out its core strategies to create the â€Å"Next Generation Walmart† as the company approaches deliverance on founder Sam Walton’s dream of giving the world â€Å"an opportunity to see what it’s like to save and have a better life†. Wal-Mart mostly works on overseas acquisitions as U.S based companies acquiring would face anti-trust problems. Walmart’s biggest acquisition strategy is to move into new cities and countries and sell high range of products in low prices. After building trust among the local customers walmart goes for acquiring other companies. One of the most substantial things that play a significant role in walmart’s acquisition strategy is its goodwill. I don’t think there would be anyone in any part of globe who would not know about the walmart chain of stores. This is what helps walmart in applying their acquisition strategy and give them their desired results. In easy words; walmart Moves in, sets u p, sell high range of products in low prices, drive the competition out and take over other companies such as ASDA. Thus, acquisition

Cross-cultural management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cross-cultural management - Assignment Example That is why all objects that are found on the land are living, since they emanated from the land, which gives life, soul and spirit to the living. According to Ferraro’s notion of culture, â€Å"Everything that people have, thinks, and does, they do it as members of a society.† In relation to the aboriginal culture of spirituality, this notion can easily be confirmed. This is because, in the aboriginal culture, spirituality is expressed in the form of ceremonies, paintings and rituals (Holden, 2002 p42). This fact points to the fact that the expression of spirituality in this culture is not done as individual aspect, but rather as a societal aspect, where all people are enjoined either through ceremonies or rituals to conduct their spiritual expressions. There is a great relationship between the aboriginal spirituality and the land, since the aboriginal culture upholds the fact that land is their food, their culture, their identity and their spirit. Therefore, in any as pect of expressing spirituality; the ceremony, the ritual or the painting, has to start and end with the connection of the people to the land, since land is the fundamental aspect of their lives. The ceremonies and the rituals are conducted on land, since land serves as the major bond that links life and the aboriginal people. The tight connection between the spirituality and land concepts in the aboriginal culture emanates from the fact that, the aboriginal people believe that they originated from the land, and they will end up in the land, once they are dead (Velo, 2012 p77). Therefore, to them, land is as good as the spirit that gives them life, and it is a fundamental source of life for them. No wonder therefore that any spiritual aspect of the aboriginal pe