Theory and Practice Behind the Creeping Barrage of WW1

The creeping/rolling barrage is a slowly moving artillery attack acting as a defensive curtain for infantry following closely behind. The creeping barrage is indicative of the First World War, where it was used by all belligerents as a way to bypass the problems of trench warfare. It did not win the war (as once hoped)  but played an important role in the final advances.   Invention The creeping barrage was first used by Bulgarian artillery crews during the siege of Adrianople in March 1913, over a year before the war began. The wider world took little notice and the idea had to be re-invented again in 1915-16, as a response to both the static, trench-based, warfare into which the swift early movements of the First World War had stalled  and the inadequacies of existing artillery barrages. People were desperate for new methods, and the creeping barrage seemed to offer them. The Standard Barrage Throughout 1915, infantry attacks were preceded by as massive an artillery bombardment as possible, intended to pulverize both the enemy troops and their defenses. The barrage could go on for hours, even days, with the aim of destroying everything under them. Then, at an allotted time, this barrage would cease - usually switching to deeper secondary targets - and the infantry would climb out of their own defenses, rush across the contested land and, in theory, seize land which was now undefended, either because the enemy was dead or cowering in bunkers. The Standard Barrage Fails In practice, barrages frequently failed to obliterate either the enemys deepest defensive systems and attacks turned into a race between two infantry forces, the attackers trying to rush across No Mans Land before the enemy realized the barrage was over and returned (or sent replacements) to their forward defenses...and their machine guns. Barrages could kill, but they could neither occupy land nor hold the enemy away long enough for infantry to advance. Some tricks were played, such as stopping the bombardment, waiting for the enemy to man their defenses, and starting it again to catch them in the open, only sending their own troops later on. The sides also became practiced at being able to fire their own bombardment into No Mans Land when the enemy sent their troops forward into it. The Creeping Barrage In late 1915/early 1916, Commonwealth forces began developing a new form of barrage. Beginning close to their own lines, the creeping barrage moved slowly forward, throwing up dirt clouds to obscure the infantry who advanced close behind. The barrage would reach the enemy lines and suppress as normal (by driving men into bunkers or more distant areas) but the attacking infantry would be close enough to storm these lines (once the barrage had crept further forward) before the enemy reacted. That was, at least, the theory. The Somme Apart from Adrianople in 1913, the creeping barrage was first used at The Battle of the Somme in 1916, at the orders of Sir Henry Horne; its failure exhibits several of the tactics problems. The barrages targets and timings had to be arranged well beforehand and, once started, could not be easily changed. At the Somme, the infantry moved slower than expected and the gap between soldier and barrage was sufficient for German forces to man their positions once the bombardment had passed. Indeed, unless bombardment and infantry advanced in almost perfect synchronization there were problems: if the soldiers moved too fast they advanced into the shelling and were blown up; too slow and the enemy had time to recover. If the bombardment moved too slow, allied soldiers either advanced into it or had to stop and wait, in the middle of No Mans Land and possibly under enemy fire; if it moved too fast, the enemy again had time to react. Success and Failure Despite the dangers, the creeping barrage was a potential solution to the stalemate of trench warfare and it was adopted by all the belligerent nations. However, it generally failed when used over a relatively large area, such as the Somme, or was relied upon too heavily, such as the disastrous battle of the Marne in 1917. In contrast, the tactic proved much more successful in localized attacks where targets and movement could be better defined, such as the Battle of Vimy Ridge. Taking place the same month as the Marne, the Battle of Vimy Ridge saw Canadian forces attempting a smaller, but much more precisely organized creeping barrage which advanced 100 yards every 3 minutes, slower than commonly tried in the past. Opinions are mixed on whether the barrage, which became an integral part of WW1 warfare, was a general failure or a small, but necessary, part of the winning strategy. One thing is certain: it wasnt the decisive tactic generals had hoped for. No Place In Modern War Advances in radio technology – which meant soldiers could carry transmitting radios around with them and co-ordinate support – and developments in artillery - which meant barrages could be placed much more precisely - conspired to make the blind sweeping of the creeping barrage redundant in the modern era, replaced by pinpoint strikes called in as needed, not pre-arranged walls of mass destruction.

Historical Methodology - 2034 Words

Historical Methodology The Strange Career of Jim Crow, by C. Van Woodward, traces the history of race relations in the United States from the mid and late nineteenth century through the twentieth century. In doing so Woodward brings to light significant aspects of Reconstruction that remain unknown to many today. He argues that the races were not as separate many people believe until the Jim Crow laws. To set up such an argument, Woodward first outlines the relationship between Southern and Northern whites, and African Americans during the nineteenth century. He then breaks down the details of the injustice brought about by the Jim Crow laws, and outlines the transformation in American society from discrimination to Civil Rights.†¦show more content†¦Litwack writes that even though, â€Å"Railroads in Massachusetts and schools in Boston eliminated Jim Crow before the Civil War†¦Whites of South Boston boasted in 1847 that ‘not a single colored family’ lived among them.† [3] To further support this idea, Woodward explains how fervently Northern whites believed in their supremacy over African Africans. He effectively does so by citing Abraham Lincoln saying in 1858 that, â€Å"‘†¦I am not, nor every have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ [4] Even though the Northern states did not set a good example of racial equality for the Southern states, the years of Reconstruction did have a positive affect on Southern African Americans, as seen by the conditions in the South after Northern troops were removed in 1877. Woodward argues that segregation and injustice still was not as widespread in this post 1877 era as it was in the 1890’s. His argument is effective because he uses accounts from a variety of reliable sources to support his claim. For example, British Parliament member Sir George Campbell’s describes his 1879 trip across much of the South and surprisingly remarkes that, â€Å"‘the humblest black rides with the proudest white on terms of perfect equality†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ [5] Instead of clear discrimination and separation, Sir Campbell wasShow MoreRelatedHistorical Development Of The Ruled Based System Methodology986 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical Development of the Ruled-based system meth odology 95 Computer-based clinical decision support (CDS) system employ decision rules that either uses procedure rules or production rules. A procedure is a compilation of data and logical statements that influence them by using control structures to control the decision-making flow. A rule-based system, utilizing a heuristic approach, comprises a set of statements called production rules. Production rules were initially studied in the 1940s andRead MoreWho is Leonard Bloomfield?624 Words   |  2 Pagespracticed in historical Indo-European, particularly Germanic and philology. Then, he turned to the study of Tagalog, a Malayo-Polynesian language, during World War I. In 1917, he turned out to be more interested in a more reachable language family which is the Algonquian. His linguistic work with Indians of the Algonquian family in Wisconsin was not merely descriptive, he also applied the historical linguistic procedures to this language family. He showed that the neogrammarian methodology of assumingRead MoreIt s It Of The Problem Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pageslack of specialists of American English gave me an idea to study the peculiarities of the given problem. The aim of the research is to study the reason of increasing numbers of borrowings in English language Tasks: -Investigation of the impact of historical events on the development of English vocabulary -The reason of appearance of borrowed words in English vocabulary -Classification of borrowings according -Role of borrowings in the development of English vocabulary -Borrowings from different languagesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Pronunciation Ability and Listening Ability5278 Words   |  22 Pages Literature Review * Linguistics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 * Phonology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......5 * Pronunciation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 * Listening†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 * Company profile†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Research Methodology * Research Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 * Population and Sample†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 * The Research Instrument†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 * The Data Processing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 * Result and Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...18 Read MoreFaculty of Computer and Information Systems4685 Words   |  19 Pagesparticular approach may be relevant to more than one subject (Checkland, 1981). A system approach use systems thinking to help in understanding the world and its behaviour. System thinking involves the use of systems concepts (ideas) and system methodologies and leads to construction of models of the system. Soft system modelling is a subjective process because no two people will look at any particular aspect of the world (except hard system) in exactly the same way. A system model is a set of organisedRead MoreSoft Systems Thinking, Intellectual Capital Social Capital3333 Words   |  14 PagesSoft System Methodology (SSM) was developed as methodology by Peter Checkland and his colleagues working at Lancaster University and Open University in the 1970s. The idea of the SSM is to understand, identify and solve the real world problems. This paper will start with the history of SSM and its definition. Then it describes the SSM methodology with a practical case study from the real world. The author will look into the main features and benefits SSM. Afterwards the author will present the relationshipRead MoreRRL - Internet Cafe Management Software Essay1770 Words   |  8 Pagestheir order of importance. It is more likely that few objectives can be successfully accomplished given the available resources. ï  ¶ Objectives must always relate to the expected outcomes or project outputs. Moreover, objectives determine the methodology – how each objective is to be accomplished. ï  ¶ Objectives are normally classified as general and specific. General objective states what the research or thesis project is trying to accomplish. Specific objectives are statements that try to achieveRead MoreSdlc23489 Words   |  94 Pages2 System Development Life Cycle Methodology Learning Objectives : †¢ To introduce the general concepts of various approaches of systems development, their framework, advantages and disadvantages; †¢ To explain in detail the phases involved in Systems Development Life Cycle(SDLC); †¢ To understand the key issues while acquiring or developing system for achieving goals set; †¢ To discuss in detail various System Development Tools like – DFD, Decision Tree, Flowcharts etc.; and Read MoreThe Controversy Of The 1969 Stonewall Riots919 Words   |  4 Pagesrelevance in both a historical and political context that continues into the present day. Furthermore, another key importance for the publication of this monograph stands that while the voluminous documentation of the progression in LGBT+ rights Post-Stonewall exists, serious evaluation and comparison of the rights already developing before the 1969 Riots became widely publicized. â€Å"Riots for Rights: the Debatable Influence of Stonewall† would expand upon these facets and further the historical understandingRead MoreKaspil1 Quiz 1 Essay630 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Pablo, Carlo Rayniel R. KASPIL2 EJ 11022329 Sir Jose Victor Torres Quiz 1 1. Discuss the similarities and differences between the historical methodologies of Renato Constantino and Reynaldo Ileto. It is not related to any religious beliefs. The similarity between Constantino’s and Ileto’s methodology is that they both believed in the idea that Filipino history should also be focused upon the common people. Constantino believed that one of the biggest mistakes committed by historians

Statistics and Business Research Method Leadership Performance

Question: Discuss about the Statistics and Business Research Method for Leadership Performance. Answer: Introducrtion: The Impact of Leadership on the Performance of the Organizations: A Study of Small Scale Enterprises in Nigeria The definition or concept of leadership varies from one particular situation or person to another. The application of leadership can be witnesses in various endeavours of human, such as business, politics, social works, and academics. Based on the argument raised by Messick and Kramer (2014), the degree to which individuals demonstrate their leadership traits not only depends on their personal abilities and characteristics, but also on the nature of related situation and environment. The performance of leadership directly links with the improvement of organizational performance. The basic growth of organizational performance is attributed to the certain modifications of leadership. Hence, it is crucial for the empirical studies to generate a link between leadership and performance of the organization from the context of the small-scale industries of Nigeria. Literature developed formerly failed to investigate the specific nature of relationship between leadership and performance from the certain industrial perspective. Research Questions Following research questions are developed to guide the investigation as part of the study: What is the effect of key leadership styles on the performance of the small-scale organizations of Nigeria? How leadership behaviours connect with the performance of the organization? What are the conceptualisations and measures of organizational performance? Theory, Assumptions, and Background Literature Reviewing the literature takes the pivotal role in the field of studying organizational behaviours. Based on the priority of this study, it has been noticed that leadership plays the dynamic role in shaping up the interactions among the individuals and organizations. In other words, the capabilities associated with leadership control the ability to manage and execute the collaborated efforts within the organization. Lee and Chuang (2012) explained that an excellent leader not only motivates the potential capabilities of its subordinates, but also ensure the availability of the requirements to facilitate the organization achieving its predefined goals. With compliance to the particular understanding, the argument developed by Stogdill (2013) referred leadership as the set of behaviours guiding the group of individuals to achieve the common goals of the business. Similarly, Fry (2013) has indicated leadership as the utilisation of effective strategies for offering inspirations to the s taffs with the aim of enhancing their performance and ultimately contributing to the growth and development. On the other hand, the statement made by Mehra et al. (2014) suggested that the leadership styles and approaches are responsible to help the organizations outperform others in the similar industry. Therefore, the leaders are responsible to adopt the appropriate leadership styles and techniques to develop collective norms for the team members for assisting them coping up with the environment and coordinating their collective actions. Variables and Hypothesis The hypothesis with the dependent and independent variables of the study are identified below: H0: There is no vital correlation between the specific styles of leadership and productivity of the organization. H1: There is the presence of vital correlation between the specific styles of leadership and productivity of the organization. H2: The productivity of the organizational performance depends on the appropriateness of leadership behaviours depending on the specific situations and environment. Research Methodologies and Techniques The research is intended to involve some appropriate set of approaches or methods to investigate and analyse the collected data for finding the solutions to the chosen problem. The particular study is performed to examine the impact of leadership on the growth of the firms in the identified market segment and the achievement of organizational objectives. Considering the nature of the study, both quantitative and qualitative research methods will be applied for satisfying the aim of collecting relevant and in-depth information. As part of the quantitative method, mainly the statistical and numerical data will be collected. It will mainly represent the countable results out of the process. Hence, the particular process will help to generate the average or highs and lows for ranking the results. Unlike quantitative research approach, qualitative research will deal with the systematic utilisation of the specific set of procedures supporting the development of solutions to the identified problem of the study. The particular process of research is important to obtain the culture-oriented information associated with the organization, such as the values, opinions, behaviours, and social and cultural contexts of the organizational members. The information obtained from the identified method is expected to develop a complete overview of the ch osen context to achieve the aims and objective of the particular study. Research Process The research is primarily based on the collection of primary data with the help of questionnaires for the employees working at the small-scale organizations of the chosen country. Apart from that, the collection of primary data is also planned to be based on conducting an interview with the leaders and managers of the chosen enterprises. On the other hand, the qualitative data is expected to be collected through the analysis of past research and information about the chosen industry. The study conducted to determine the specific impact of leadership on the organizational performance would be included in the particular process to develop the key outcomes. Data Collection and Analysis In order to determine the key reflections from the collected data, correlation coefficient will be utilised primarily for indicating the nature and extent of relationship between the leadership styles or behaviours and the productive performance of the selected enterprises. It will help the study to answer the negative or positive correlation between the depended or independent variables associated with the study. Apart from that, statistical analysis using the tables and graph charts will be applied for measuring the results extracted from the primary data collection process and reaching for the significant outcomes of the study. Expected Research Outcomes The outcome of the research is expected to reveal the positive but insignificant relationships between the leadership styles and behaviours on the followers and performance of the organization. The leadership traits are the main driving force to determine the inspiration and motivations among the subordinates where these characteristics depend largely on the relative situations of the organization. References Basford T, Offermann L and Wirtz P, 'Considering The Source: The Impact Of Leadership Level On Follower Motivation And Intent To Stay' (2012) 19 Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies Boyatzis R, Good D and Massa R, 'Emotional, Social, And Cognitive Intelligence And Personality As Predictors Of Sales Leadership Performance' (2012) 19 Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies Choudhary A, Akhtar S and Zaheer A, 'Impact Of Transformational And Servant Leadership On Organizational Performance: A Comparative Analysis' (2012) 116 J Bus Ethics de Waal A and Sivro M, 'The Relation Between Servant Leadership, Organizational Performance, And The High-Performance Organization Framework' (2012) 19 Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies Erkutlu H, 'The Impact Of Organizational Culture On The Relationship Between Shared Leadership And Team Proactivity' (2012) 18 Team Performance Management Neves P, 'Organizational Cynicism: Spillover Effects On SupervisorSubordinate Relationships And Performance' (2012) 23 The Leadership Quarterly Normann M,The Influence Of German Top Executives On Corporate Policy And Firm Performance(Peter Lang 2012) Phillips J, Phillips P and Ray R,Measuring Leadership Development(McGraw-Hill 2012).

Romeo And Juliet Essays (618 words) - English-language Films

Romeo And Juliet Daniela Conde A Motherly Role In the Shakespearean Tragedy, Romeo and Juliet we discover how strong the power of love really is. Romeo and Juliet never attempt to change the position of the two opposing households with their hearts but tragically succeed in the end, with the taking of their lives. They both kept the news of their actions hidden from their family but Juliet was the one who lied ridiculously to her parents, especially to her mother, someone who she should've learned to trust. But how could she? Lady Capulet was often portrayed as a cold and distant authority figure that Juliet feared instead of loved and confided in. A loving relationship between the two should've been established from the beginning. ? When it did taste the wormwood on the nipple of my dug and felt it bitter, pretty fool, to it tetchy and fall out with the dug,? (Shakespeare 749). This quote by Nurse Angelica informs us that not only did Lady Capulet not bond with Juliet by letting her drink the milk of her breasts, but also permitted the nurse to become more of a motherly figure for Juliet. Lady Capulet was too morally selfish to see that her daughter was going to grow up to love and a trust Nurse Angelica instead of her self. When she finally recognizes her faults in raising Juliet, it is too late! That's why when Juliet seeks advice about the virtues of love her mother is never in consideration. Many mixed feelings keep Juliet from revealing the truth to her mother. Within them lies the fear of her mother's disapproval of her grand devotion for Romeo. Lady Capulet imposes fear upon Juliet by festering her about marrying County Paris. She succeeds when Juliet responds to her badgering by announcing, ?I'll look to like, if looking liking move; but no more deep will I endart mine eye then your consent gives strength to make it fly,? (Shakespeare 751). This shows that Lady Capulet has such a control over her daughter that consent is needed over her marriage decisions. The friend is not found in her mother but instead a figure of authority is found. So then, who is the real crony? Nurse Angelica is the person that Juliet trusted the most with her troubles. She's announced as the real mother silently within Juliet's actions. But the trust that has developed between them that could never sprout among her mother and she soon takes a plummet to the ruins of betrayal. Nurse Angelica tells Juliet to marry Paris and forget her Romeo. Juliet soon storms into wild frenzy and spits bitter words against the nurse, ?Ancient damnation! O most wicked fiend,? (Shakespeare 815). At this point, a girl would most commonly turn to her mother for some words of wisdom. Lady Capulet is the mother, but not in the eyes of Juliet because their relationship was never tightly knit or knit at all. Juliet was far too frightened of the passionless authority figure in Lady Capulet that she didn't allow her emotions to ever connect with her mothers. Thus, the secrets that Juliet kept were revealed until the end when she lied dead on the floor of the vault. That was when Lady Capulet realized how distant her relationship really was with her daughter. The gap between them must have been one of the factors that lead to Juliet's secrets and ended in the taking of her life. If her mother would've have interrogated Juliet on her feelings, she might have noticed Juliet was keeping something. Lady Capulet played her character impeccable but as the mother, she failed capturing the real motherly role! Bibliography I am an a student? Shakespeare Essays

Audism Essay Example

Audism Essay My Mother and Father instilled DOD morals upon me. I was never taught to feel superior or inferior to anybody. My Mother showed me right from wrong. If I even so much as whispered a racial slur, I would have been punished harshly. But I never thought in black and white or Deaf and hearing. I knew growing up that God has the right to judge but we as humans do not. Of course growing up had curiosities and still to this day I still do, but there is a place and time to ask those questions. How could I discriminate against anybody for any reason. It would be shameful, because they could turn it back on me. Growing up I was ridiculed for being poor. My Dad worked hard but we lived within our means. My sister-in laws cousin is deaf. She wears a hearing aid and speaks. By seeing the movie, now know that she is an audits. She always feels superior to Deaf people who cannot speak and Deaf people who do not having hearing devices of some kind. That is definitely autism in the works. I remember specifically one time we were eating out all together; me, my brother, his wife, and the cousin. The cousin was making fun off girl at her work that cant speak well because she is Deaf. We will write a custom essay sample on Audism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Audism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Audism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The cousin was just telling us the story about it. She said that her co-worker is Deaf and wears a hearing aid but doesnt speak well and that she is better than her cause she speaks. I just stayed quiet to keep the peace in my family but I knew that wasnt right. She considers herself hearing not Deaf. I told her that was taking SSL and Deaf Culture this semester and she didnt have a reaction. She just said well good luck with that. Since we come from a small town, we all grew up around each other. To try to spark some curiosity in her; always find myself telling her owe my classes are going. Maybe to change her ways of thinking. Autism should be punished by the court systems. Its sad that children and adults that are Deaf are left out of a lot of things, especially in their own families. It made me angry in the movie how they spoke of their family members saying Ill tell you later, or not important. Its just rude to exclude somebody for any reason. For English I wrote a Proposal paper on a device called order assist. Its a package that can be purchased by fast-food restaurants to make it easier for Deaf people to order through a drive-thru.

Quotations

Quotations Quotations Quotations By Mark Nichol When quotations are integrated into the syntax of a sentence, joining forces with a paraphrase to create an extended statement, the first word in the original quote is generally not capitalized. Here are three examples of sentences in which the quotation’s initial word is demoted. 1. Without federal instructions, he added, â€Å"People are just going to keep putting stuff out on the road with no guidance on how do we do this the right way.† The quotation marks accurately denote the speaker’s exact statement, but the writer has inserted a modifying phrase to provide additional context, paraphrasing the speaker’s intent. Because the combination of this phrase and the original statement constitute a grammatically complete sentence, the first word of the original quotation should be lowercased to indicate that it has been incorporated into a more comprehensive statement: â€Å"Without federal instructions, he added, ‘people are just going to keep putting stuff out on the road with no guidance on how do we do this the right way.’† (As originally written, the implication is that the person added the comment despite having no federal instructions.) 2. â€Å"You can admit that ‘Yes, there is a need in a humane society for institutions that take care of people who are poor.’† As with the previous example, the initial paraphrase has been inserted to provide context, so yes is no longer the first word of a sentence. Also, normally, when that serves as a bridge from a paraphrase to a quotation, in order to provide a seamless syntax, no punctuation follows that. Here, however, yes is an interjection, so it must be preceded and followed by punctuation: â€Å"You can admit that, ‘yes, there is a need in a humane society for institutions that take care of people who are poor.’† 3. The lawsuit also alleges that Remington and the other defendants â€Å"Marketed and promoted the assaultive qualities and military uses of AR-15s to civilian purchasers.† Here, the quoted material was never stated or written as a complete sentence. As a partial quotation, it should begin with a word that starts with a lowercase letter: â€Å"The lawsuit also alleges that Remington and the other defendants ‘marketed and promoted the assaultive qualities and military uses of AR-15s to civilian purchasers.’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals80 Idioms with the Word TimeShore It Up

Technical Rationality and Reflection in Action Essay

Technical Rationality and Reflection in Action - Essay Example Both technical rationality and reflection in action represents the views of a society that can be measured and explained logically. The two concepts are essential in the finding of solutions for most professional problems and difficulties. Therefore, technical rationality is concerned with establishment of technicality in a profession while reflection in action is concerned with the application of the acquired knowledge. Both technical rationality and reflection in action limit the application of real knowledge in professionalism. Reflection in action is also considered as the first step towards attaining technical rationality. This is because technical rationality is vital in defining technical proficiency. Technical proficiency in turn determines the professional capacity or ability of an individual. Technical rationality and reflection in action have often been considered as theoretical concepts. However, technical rationality and reflection have a high degree of application (Smith, 1999). Technical rationality and reflection are essential in health care administration. The healthcare sector is a significant sector to the country and this makes the sector to be of interest to the legal system of a country. The sector also has a significant number of employees who need clear specification on their duties and limitations. Health practitioners also require knowing their limitations and expectations in the medical practice. Medical ethics provide essential guidelines for heath workers in their practice. Efficient and all-inclusive health workers policies and ethics can only be achieved through application of technical rationality. Technical rationality enables healthcare administrators to design logical policies for healthcare practitioners (Kraska, 2004). Healthcare administrators are also responsible for handling legal issues within the practice. This proves technical rationality and reflection

The Great Escape Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Great Escape - Assignment Example This project has been in the research field for many years trying to make some improvements pegged on the technological status of the world. This project also gets its boost financially from SETI Institute of Mountain View USA. This institute has been funding this project from the year of its publication, which is February 1995, leading to a great change and advancement of their research methods. The financial stability of this project has really boosted and triggered some of the inventions they carry out in relation to technology (Basalla, 36). This project was first started by Parkes radio telescope which is based on the South Wales in Australia. Initially, before the SETI Institute started funding this project, the Parkes radio telescope institute, who also happened to be the introducer of this project, was responsible for all the findings that the project might have needed during those days. This project conducts a thorough research technologically basing some of its analysis and references to the scientific principles. Since its year of establishment, the project has really grown and undergone a lot of advancements leading to the expansion of various branches and subsections. Aims of the construction project As a technological project, it is always aimed at improving the technological status of the world. Moreover, it exposes some of the hidden scientific principles and knowledge to people. Although it scans the whole sky for messages, it also bases its facts and actions in a simple manner that favors human understanding. Due to the fact that SETI Institute is responsible for the balance of financial stability of this project, all the processes or activities involved in the project are, therefore, fully controlled by this institution (Sclove, 92). The aims of the project are also based on the institution’s goals and targets. The SETI Institution is one of the world-recognized institutions that deals with the transmission of signals, especially those of the radio. The project also searches for signals that are as narrow as 1 Hz lying between 1000 to 300 MHz. The Phoenix research is very broad as compared to any other research project. Though the SETI researches tend to be advanced, they still rely on the Project Phoenix for their stability pegged on research cases. Findings of the Construction Project Based on signal researches that the project has been carrying out for years, there is a clear indication that some of the projects researches work out. This can be proved by the narrow signals that the project invented. Many other research organizations have not yet reached the limit to which Phoenix project has reached today. This project also focuses its research up to about 800 stars with a light-year range of 200. Due to this research, the project announced its failure in finding extraterrestrial signals within the 800 stars that happened to have been in their list of research (Abbate, 28). This failure made the project manage r, or leader, Peter Backus to make a remark that people live in a quite a neighborhood. Significance of construction project to SETI programs Phoenix project is one of the research projects being of great importance to some of the SET programs. Due to this significance that it holds for SETI, it is, therefore, funded by the SETI institution to enable them advance in more signal researches. Though SETI also carries out researches, it still gets some bits of support from Phoenix project as that is their main reason for funding Phoenix project. The programs

Macroeconomics Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroeconomics Discussion - Essay Example Money supply is the money circulating in the economy which is created by the FED, the depositors, and investors. Each of the 12 Federal Reserve banks perform the following: a. clear checks; b. issue new currency; c. withdraw damaged currency from circulation; d. administer and make discount loans to banks in their districts; e. evaluate proposed mergers and applications for banks to expand their activities; f. act as intermediaries between the business community and the Fed; g. examine bank holding companies and state-chartered banks; h. collect data on local business conditions; i. use their staff of professional economist to research topics related to monetary policy (Mishkin 369- 370). The money supply can be changed by increasing our deposits held by banks. This money creates a repercussion of effects in the economy when borrowed by companies who use this for their operations. Through the money multiplier, the invested money could increase employment an output more than its actual value. (3.) You are appointed as the chair of FRB. Congratulations! Chair, economy is in recession what are the policy measures you will undertake to push GDP toward potential GDP What are the problems of implementing monetary policy in practice Under an expansionary policy, the central bank must increase the money supply and lower the short- term interest rates. The Fed can engage in the following: a. open market purchase which expands reserves and monetary base; b. lower the discount rate which encourages borrowing by banks; or c. lower the reserve requirements among banks. Part Three: write a few sentences summarizing what you have learned and how learning this will help you personally. :) Thanks!! The most important thing which I have learned so far is the interdependence of the players in an economy. It is very important to note that the action of one player can have a tremendous effect in other sectors. Learning the functions of money, how money is controlled and managed, and how it can be used to stimulate or slow down the economy is really something very interesting to me. Knowing that my actions can influence the economy, I can now align my decisions in order to help the FED to achieve its economic goals. This is very important noting the forecasted downturn in the US economy in the coming future. Part Four:What is money supply, M1 and M2 which definition of money supply is more liquid and why M1 is the narrowest measure of money which includes currency, checking account deposits and travelers checks. The M2 includes the M1 plus other assets that have check-writing features such as small-denomination time deposits,

Research Assignment on Data File Structure

Research Assignment on Data File Structure Raghavendra Tyagi TOPIC OF ASSIGNMENT The letters in English language, make up words. While no word is less or more than another, one could view a word that appears before another in the dictionary is less than that word, and a word that appears afterwards is more. By this definition, identical words are the same. Parsing a file is when you read a file to collect information from the file. In this assignment, you will parse a file, and put all of the words in a Binary Search Tree. You will use the Binary Search Tree to collect data about the number of times a word was found in the file. The first word you encounter will be the root. If the next word is greater, put it to the right. If it is less, put it to the left. It is possible that the tree you make will be very sparse. Assume all words in the file are lower case or covert them to lower case. After you have loaded the file into your Binary Search Tree, the program should display the in-order, pre-order post-order traversal of the Binary Search Tree. The user should be given the chance to type a word. The computer should say the number of times the word was found in the file (zero or more). BINARY SEARCH TREE INTRODUCTION: In  computer science, a binary search tree (BST), sometimes also called an ordered or sorted binary tree, is a  node-based  binary tree  data structure which has the following properties The left  sub tree  of a node contains only nodes with keys less than the nodes key. The right sub tree of a node contains only nodes with keys greater than the nodes key. The left and right sub tree each must also be a binary search tree. There must be no duplicate nodes ADVANTAGE: The major advantage of binary search trees over other  data structures  is that the related sorting Algorithm and  search algorithms  such as  in-order traversal  can be very efficient. BINARY SEARCH TREE (PROPERTY): Letxbe a node in a binary search tree. Ifyis a node in the left sub tree ofx, theny. key x. key. OPERATIONS: Operations, such asfind, on a binary search tree require comparisons between nodes. These comparisons are made with calls to a comparator, which is a  subroutine  that computes the total order (linear order) on any two keys. This comparator can be explicitly or implicitly defined, depending on the language in which the binary search tree was implemented. SEARCHING: Searching a binary search tree for a specific key can be a  recursive  or an  iterative  process. We begin by examining the  root node. If the tree isnull, the key we are searching for does not exist in the tree. Otherwise, if the key equals that of the root, the search is successful and we return the node. If the key is less than that of the root, we search the left sub tree. Similarly, if the key is greater than that of the root, we search the right sub tree. This process is repeated until the key is found or the remaining sub tree is null. If the searched key is not found before a null sub tree is reached, then the item must not be present in the tree. INSERTION: Insertion begins as a search would begin; if the key is not equal to that of the root, we search the left or right sub trees as before. Eventually, we will reach an external node and add the new key-value pair (here encoded as a record new Node) as its right or left child, depending on the nodes key. In other words, we examine the root and recursively insert the new node to the left sub tree if its key is less than that of the root, or the right sub tree if its key is greater than or equal to the root. DELETION: There are three possible cases to consider: Deleting a leaf (node with no children):Deleting a leaf is easy, as we can simply remove it from the tree. Deleting a node with one child:Remove the node and replace it with its child. Deleting a node with two children:Call the node to be deletedN. Do not deleteN. Instead, choose either its  in-order  successor node or its in-order predecessor node,R. Replace the value ofNwith the value ofR, then deleteR. BST FIGURE: Preorder traversal sequence: F, B, A, D, C, E, G, I, H (Root, left, right) In order traversal sequence: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I (left, root, right) Post order traversal sequence: A, C, E, D, B, H, I, G, (left, right, root) ASSIGNMENT CODE #include #include struct treeNode { char data[10]; struct treeNode *left, *right; }; struct treeNode *root = NULL; struct treeNode* createNode(char data) { struct treeNode *newNode; newNode = (struct treeNode*)malloc(sizeof(struct treeNode)); newNode->data = data; newNode->left = NULL; newNode->right = NULL; return(newNode); } void insertion(struct treeNode **node, char data) { if (*node == NULL) { *node = createNode(data); } else if (data data) { insertion((*node)->left, data); } else if (data > (*node)->data) { insertion((*node)->right, data); } } void deletion(struct treeNode **node, struct treeNode **parent, char data) { struct treeNode *tmpNode, *tmpParent; if (*node == NULL) return; if ((*node)->data == data) { if (!(*node)->left !(*node)->right) { if (parent) { if ((*parent)->left == *node) (*parent)->left = NULL; else (*parent)->right = NULL; free(*node); } else { free(*node); } } else if (!(*node)->right (*node)->left) { tmpNode = *node; (*parent)->right = (*node)->left; free(tmpNode); *node = (*parent)->right; } else if ((*node)->right !(*node)->left) { tmpNode = *node; (*parent)->left = (*node)->right; free(tmpNode); (*node) = (*parent)->left; } else if (!(*node)->right->left) { tmpNode = *node; (*node)->right->left = (*node)->left; (*parent)->left = (*node)->right; free(tmpNode); *node = (*parent)->left; } else { tmpNode = (*node)->right; while (tmpNode->left) { tmpParent = tmpNode; tmpNode = tmpNode->left; } tmpParent->left = tmpNode->right; tmpNode->left = (*node)->left; tmpNode->right =(*node)->right; free(*node); *node = tmpNode; } } else if (data data) { deletion((*node)->left, node, data); } else if (data > (*node)->data) { deletion((*node)->right, node, data); } } void findElement(struct treeNode *node, chardata) { if (!node) return; else if (data data) { findElement(node->left, data); } else if (data > node->data) { findElement(node->right, data); } else printf(data found: %sn, node->data); return; } void traverse(struct treeNode *node) { if (node != NULL) { traverse(node->left); printf(%3d, node->data); traverse(node->right); } return; } int main() { char data; int ch; while (1) { printf(1. Insertion in Binary Search Treen); printf(2. Deletion in Binary Search Treen); printf(3. Search Element in Binary Search Treen); printf(4. Inorder traversaln5. Exitn); printf(Enter your choice:); scanf(%d, ch); switch (ch) { case 1: while (1) { printf(Enter your data:); scanf(%s, data); insertion(root, data); printf(Continue Insertion(0/1):); scanf(%d, ch); if (!ch) break; } break; case 2: printf(Enter your data:); scanf(%s, data); deletion(root, NULL, data); break; case 3: printf(Enter value for data:); scanf(%s, data); findElement(root, data); break; case 4: printf(Inorder Traversal:n); traverse(root); printf(n); break; case 5: exit(0); default: printf(uve entered wrong optionn); break; } } return 0; } [[emailprotected] ~]$vi t.c [[emailprotected] ~]$gcc t.c [[emailprotected] ~]$./a.out OUTPUT: 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal 5. Exit Enter your choice:1 Enter your data: aim Continue Insertion(0/1):1 Enter your data: age Continue Insertion(0/1):1 Enter your data: admit Continue Insertion(0/1):1 Enter your data: agree Continue Insertion(0/1):1 Enter your data: blue Continue Insertion(0/1):0 Resultant Binary Search Tree after insertion operation: aim / age blue / admit agree 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal 5. Exit Enter your choice:4 Inorder Traversal: admit, age, agree, aim , blue 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal 5. Exit Enter your choice:2 Enter your data:admit Delete node admit aim / age blue / agree 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal 5. Exit Enter your choice:3 Enter value for data:age data found: age No of occurrence:1 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversa 5. Exit Enter your choice:5[[emailprotected] ~]$ COMPLEXITY OF BINARY SEARCH TREE It could be O(n^2) even if the tree is balanced. Suppose youre adding a sorted list of numbers, all larger than the largest number in the tree. In that case, all numbers will be added to the right child of the rightmost leaf in the tree, Hence O(n^2). For example, suppose that you add the numbers [15..115] to the following tree: The numbers will be added as a long chain, each node having a single right hand child. For the i-th element of the list, youll have to traverse ~i nodes, which yields O(n^2). In general, if youd like to keep the insertion and retrieval at O(nlogn), you need to use  Self Balancing trees

Are Genetics Responsible for Allergies? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Are Genetics Responsible for Allergies? A Study In Identical Twins Everyone has either suffered from some kind of allergy, or knows somebody who has suffered from allergies. Allergies are the source of irritating symptoms, ranging from a painless skin rash to life-threatening breathing problems. For years, researchers have been trying to find out the source of these allergies. Some have suggested that environmental factors or early exposure to certain foods can cause allergies later in life, while others say that allergies are caused by genetics. To test the latter theory, many researchers study identical twins to see if sets of twins share allergies. If both twins were to share a particular allergy, than this may prove that allergies are genetic. To completely understand the remainder of this essay, one must understand the difference between identical twins and fraternal twins. Twin zygosity is the genetic relationship of twins. There are two types of twins: monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins, and dizygotic twins, also known as fraternal twins. Identical twins have exactly identical DNA strands; they are same sex and they have very similar physical traits. They come from one egg that is fertilized by one sperm. Some time after conception, the egg splits resulting in two babies. Fraternal twins only have half identical DNA; that is, only one strand of the double-stranded DNA is the same. They come from two individual eggs that are fertilized by two individual sperms. They are either same sex or different sex, and are just like siblings of same parents born at different times. There are other kinds of twins as well; for example, "mirror-image twins," "polar body twins," and "half-identical twins." These names refe r to the time that the egg splits in identical twins. This essay, however, will deal with only identical and fraternal twins (5). The question now is, Are identical twins allergic to the same things? Since identical twins have exactly identical DNA, the sharing of allergies can shed some light on the role of genetics in allergies. All sorts of food allergies affect eight percent of children and two percent of adults in the United States. Allergic reactions happen because one's immune system overreacts to regular foods that are ordinarily harmless to the general population (7). An allergy affecting many children and adults recently in the United States is an allergy to peanuts. In the last few years, tremendous amounts of people have developed this allergy, which seems, in most cases, to be very severe.

Esterification

To synthesis ecstatically acid by stratification. Introduction: A pleasant, often fruity, odor is characteristic of some of the simpler esters. Ethyl butyrate smells similar to pineapples, the odor of n-propel acetate is reminiscent of pears and isopleths acetate has a strong banana fragrance. Esters are derivatives of the carboxylic acids and contain the following functional group: The synthesis of an ester can be accomplished in one of several ways. An stratification occurs when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid are reacted in the reserve of a mineral acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid.Because these reactions result in an equilibrium mixture of both products and reactants, the reaction conditions must be manipulated in order to produce a reasonable yield. A large excess of one of the reactants can be used in the starting mixture or alternatively, one of the products can be removed as the reaction proceeds (as by a distillation), to shift the equilibrium to the right. Other synthet ic pathways to esters also exist. Acid chlorides react with alcohols to yield an ester and hydrochloric acid.A small amount of pyridine is usually deed to the reaction mixture to neutralize the resulting acid. Acid anhydride can also react with alcohols to produce esters. Unlike the reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols, neither of these two methods for preparing esters results in an equilibrium mixture. Ecstatically acid, or aspirin, is one of the most widely used and versatile drugs known today. It was first synthesized by Charles von Gerhardt in 1 853 and was later patented by a German dye chemist named Frederica Brayer in 1893 who recognized its potential as an analgesic (pain reliever).Salicylic acid, a impotent of willow and poplar bark, had been used as a pain killer for centuries, but its highly acidic property caused irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat and also resulted in uncomfortable gastric pain. By transforming the acidic phenol functio nality into an ester group, the compound retained its analgesic properties but lost some of its irritating side- effects. In addition to relieving pain, aspirin is also an antipathetic (fever reducer) and an anti-inflammatory agent (used for arthritis). Like all drugs, aspirin also has some undesirable side effects which should be tote.When taken in large quantities (several grams per day), gastric problems can result. Its use has been implicated in Rexes syndrome, a brain disorder that can affect people under the age of 18. Some people are highly allergic to aspirin. Finally, aspirin interferes with platelets and affects normal blood clotting which can lead to hemorrhaging in extreme cases. However, its anticoagulant properties can also be used to advantage in preventing blood clots from forming in the arteries. Recent studies have shown that the consumption of one half of an aspirin tablet per day can help to prevent heart attacks and strokes.Aspirin can be synthesized by the stra tification of salicylic acid via reaction with acetic anhydride. A few drops of phosphoric acid are added to serve as a catalyst for the reaction. The use of acetic anhydride as a reactant, instead of acetic acid, results in a rapid and irreversible conversion of salicylic acid to ecstatically acid. Experimental Procedure: Synthesis of ecstatically acid 1 . A 400 ml beaker containing about 150 ml of water was heated to the boiling point on a hot plate. 2. 2 g of salicylic acid was weighed out and it was placed in a 100 ml conical flask. . 5 ml of acetic anhydride was added into the conical flask. . 5 drops of 85% phosphoric acid, HAPPY was added. The flask was swirled to mix the reactants and then it was clamped in the boiling water bath. It was heated for about 8 minutes. 5. The flask was removed carefully from the hot water bath and the hot plate was turned off. 2 ml of distilled water was added cautiously to the flask. The water will react with any unrelated acetic anhydride whic h remains. 6. Once the reaction between acetic anhydride and water had subsided, 40 ml Of water Was added to the flask. 7. The contents was allowed to cool at room temperature for minutes then the flask was placed in ice. . The contents was stirred with a glass rod periodically during this cooling period. The solid product was collected by vacuum filtration and it was washed with cooled water. 9. A small portion (spatula-tip full, 20-30 MGM) of this crude ecstatically acid was set aside. 10. To recitalist the ecstatically acid, it was transferred to a 100 ml conical flask and 10 ml of 95% ethanol was added. 1 1. The flask was heated slowly on a hot plate just until the aspirin completely dissolved. As soon as all of the solid has dissolved, the flask was removed from the hot plate. 12.Water was added to the solution in 5 ml portions, it was swirled after each addition, until a total of 40 ml of water has been added. 13. The flask was placed in an ice bath for 10 minutes to complete the crystallization. 14. The purified aspirin was collected by vacuum filtration. The crystals was washed in the funnel with ice-cold water. The vacuum was left on for a few minutes to air dry the purified aspirin, the crystals was then pressed between two pieces of filter paper to thoroughly dry them. 5. The mass, yield and melting point of dried aspirin were obtained. Results: Weight of salicylic acid used: 2. 0021 g Weight of watch glass: 20. 536 g Weight of watch glass t product: 21. 6651 g Weight of product: 1. 3115 g no. Of mole of salicylic acid: = 0. 01450 mol Volume Of acetic anhydride used 5 ml Density of acetic anhydride = 1. 082 g/ml Mass of acetic anhydride used = 1. 082 g/ml x 5 ml = 5. 41 g no. Of mole of acetic anhydride: – 0. 0530 mol = 3. 66>1 Since the mol of salicylic acid is smaller than the mol of acetic anhydride, salicylic acid is a limiting agent. Mol of salicylic acid produced 1 mol of ecstatically acid. 0. 01450 mol of salicylic acid produced 0. 014 50 mol of ecstatically acid. Theoretical weight of ecstatically acid: 0. 1450 mol x 180. 16 gnu-mol = 2. 6123 g Percentage yield: x 100% = 50. 20 % 50 % Melting point of aspirin: 138 – 140 co Discussion: Aspirin is an effective analgesic (pain reliever), antipathetic (fever reducer) and anti-inflammatory' agent and is one of the most widely used non-prescription drugs. The active ingredient in aspirin was found to be salicylic acid. The structure of salicylic acid is shown below. In this experiment, aspirin is formed from the reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride through stratification. Aspirin can be made by reacting salicylic acid with acetic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst.The phenol group on the salicylic acid forms an ester with the carboxylic group on the acetic acid. However, this reaction is slow and has a relatively low yield. If acetic anhydride was used instead of acetic acid, the reaction will be much faster and has a higher yield (since ac etic anhydride is much more reactive than acetic acid). Therefore, we used acetic anhydride for shorten the period f stratification. In order for reaction to occur faster, phosphoric acid was added as a catalyst. Then the solution was being placed in the hot water bath to heat up and thus triggering the reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride.The reaction was shown as below: In this experiment, the salicylic acid is the limiting reactant and the acetic anhydride is in excess. The addition of distilled water into the mixture after it is being removed from the water bath is to let the water react with the remaining acetic anhydride in the mixture which are still not being reacted. A vigorous reaction will occur as the decomposition of the excess acetic anhydride is exothermic. Once the decomposition of the excess acetic anhydride has completed, more water was added, forming completing the reaction.Now the solution contains two kinds of products, which are ecstatically aci d and acetic acid, according to the reaction shown below. The reason why acetic acid is dissolved in this process but not ecstatically acid was due to the hydrogen bonding of acetic acid can form with water while ecstatically acid cannot. This is due to the large carbon group maintained by ecstatically acid which caused it to have difficulties from forming hydrogen bond with water. The aspirin collected will then be purified by rationalizations. In this purification method, the crude aspirin will be dissolved in a small amount of warm ethanol.Water was then be added and the solution was cooled slowly in the ice bath and then chilled. The ecstatically acid will recitalist, and the solid impurities (unrelated salicylic acid) should remain dissolved in the solution. The solid aspirin will again be collected using vacuum filtration. Rationalizations was needed to obtain a pure product from the crude product. Therefore, this aspirin should be more pure than the original aspirin. The fina l product was left in air dry and weighed. The theoretical and percentage yield was calculated. The weight of ecstatically acid obtained was 1. 115 g while the percentage yield of product was 50%. Besides, the melting point of ecstatically acid we obtained was in the range of 1 38 – 140 By comparing these observed melting points with the literature value of 138 – CHIC for ecstatically acid, it was found that the values were exactly the same, indicating that both rodents were ecstatically acid( previously stated as ecstatically acid and acetic acid). The above reaction was an example of an organic synthesis called stratification. Stratification is the acid catcalled reaction of a carboxylic (-COHO) group and an -OH group of an alcohol or phenol to form a carboxylic ester.In the synthesis of aspirin, the -OH group is the phenol OH group attached to ring of the salicylic acid. The acetic group, ;COACH comes from acetic anhydride, and the reaction is catcalled by phosphori c acid, HAPPY. Salicylic acid has a higher priority as it has a benzene ring which s more stable than the open chain of acetic anhydride because it has more resonance. Salicylic acid reacts better with acetic anhydride than acetic acid, so acetic acid will provide the acetic group which will react with the alcoholic – OH group on the salicylic acid.The hydrogen ion from the hydroxyl group in the salicylic acid breaks away first, then combines with the oxygen which has a negative charge after acetic anhydride is broken into two parts, which are an alkyl carbonyl group and -?CHOC- group. This is how acetic acid is formed. Later on, the alkyl carbonyl group of acetic anhydride which now has positive charge due to the lack Of oxygen atom, connects to the oxygen atom which has a negative charge, lastly produced ecstatically acid as a neutral compound product.The mechanism of how an ecstatically acid formed from stratification reaction will be shown: Precaution steps: 1 . When hand ling phosphoric acid, students should be aware of spill it out because it is corrosive. 2. When adding water to the heated solution, students should be careful and added in small amount of water because it may splatter to the surroundings due to the vigorous reaction. 3. The elution was allowed to cool at room temperature before putting it into the ice bath for the process of crystallization in order to get crystals in a nicer form and in correct manner.

Homemade Shampoo From Scratch

Homemade Shampoo From Scratch There are a lot of reasons why you might want to make your own shampoo from scratch. The big two probably are wanting to avoid the chemicals in commercial shampoos by controlling the ingredients, and wanting to save a few bucks by making it yourself. Back in ye olden days, shampoo was soap with additional moisturizers so that it didnt strip the natural oils from your scalp and hair. Although you can make shampoos that are dry or solid, it is easier to use if there is enough water to make a gel or liquid. Shampoos tend to be acidic because if the pH gets too high (alkaline) the sulfur bridges in the hair keratin can break, causing damage that no detangler could repair. This recipe for making your own gentle shampoo is chemically a liquid soap, except vegetable-based (many soaps use animal fat) and with alcohol and glycerin added during the process. Make it in a well-ventilated room or outdoors and be sure to read all of the safety precautions on the ingredients. Ingredients 5 1/4 cups of olive oil2 7/8 cups of solid-type vegetable shortening2 cups of coconut oil1 1/4 cups of lye (sodium hydroxide)4 cups water3 tablespoons glycerin  (glycerol)1 tablespoon vodka (or another food-quality ethanol, but do not use methanol)3 tablespoons castor oilOptional: Essential oils like peppermint, rosemary, or lavender for fragrance and therapeutic properties Directions In a large pan, mix together the olive oil, shortening, and coconut oil.In a well-ventilated area, preferably wearing gloves and eye protection in case of accidents, mix the lye and water. Use a glass or enameled container. This is an exothermic reaction, so heat will be produced.Warm the oils to 95 F to 98 F and allow the lye solution to cool to the same temperature. One of the easiest ways to accomplish this is to set both containers into a large sink or pan full of water that is at the correct temperature.When both mixtures are at the proper temperature, stir the lye solution into the oils. The mixture will turn opaque and may darken.When the mixture has a creamy texture, stir in the glycerine, alcohol, castor oil, and any fragrance oils or colorants.You have a couple of options here. You can pour the shampoo into soap molds and allow it to harden. To use this shampoo, either lather it with your hands and work it into your hair or else shave flakes into hot water to liquefy it.The other option is to make liquid shampoo, which involves adding more water to your shampoo mixture and bottling it. You may have noticed that many shampoos are pearlescent. You can make your homemade shampoo glittery by adding glycol distearate, which is a natural wax derived from stearic acid. The tiny wax particles reflect light, causing the effect.

Free Essays on Americas Press

A Brief History America's press has never been perfect. Far from it. Our first newspapers were highly partisan, mean-spirited and completely unprofessional by today's standards. But crude as they were, these so-called "scandalmongers" served as the public's watchdog of government and of its powerful friends, despite an early misguided effort through the Alien and Sedition Act to neuter the watchdog. The more enlightened of our founding fathers understood that an independent, free and unfettered press was critical to engaging the populace in its democracy, and that such engagement was essential for representative government to work. They intuitively knew that an independent press would evolve as the country evolved. That there would be - that there needed to be a multitude of voices to represent the diverse opinions, interests and backgrounds of the population. The key to preserving this leg of the democracy stool was to protect it from external controls, whether from the government through laws restraining its freedom, or from individuals or businesses chilling its independence through harassing litigation. The principle was so important it became the stepping off point for the Bill of Rights. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Supreme Court's interpretation of it through the last century. All of which ensured the evolution of a diverse and truly free press. The expansion of our press, paralleled the expanded participation of our citizens in their own government. This was critical. Without expanded inclusion, American democracy would have failed because so many of our people would not have had a stake in its survival. Until the last decade or two, this evolution was generally for the better. It fostered individual rights, more inclusion in the social, economic and political life of the country, and it spurred greater standards of public accountability and ethical behavio... Free Essays on America's Press Free Essays on America's Press A Brief History America's press has never been perfect. Far from it. Our first newspapers were highly partisan, mean-spirited and completely unprofessional by today's standards. But crude as they were, these so-called "scandalmongers" served as the public's watchdog of government and of its powerful friends, despite an early misguided effort through the Alien and Sedition Act to neuter the watchdog. The more enlightened of our founding fathers understood that an independent, free and unfettered press was critical to engaging the populace in its democracy, and that such engagement was essential for representative government to work. They intuitively knew that an independent press would evolve as the country evolved. That there would be - that there needed to be a multitude of voices to represent the diverse opinions, interests and backgrounds of the population. The key to preserving this leg of the democracy stool was to protect it from external controls, whether from the government through laws restraining its freedom, or from individuals or businesses chilling its independence through harassing litigation. The principle was so important it became the stepping off point for the Bill of Rights. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Supreme Court's interpretation of it through the last century. All of which ensured the evolution of a diverse and truly free press. The expansion of our press, paralleled the expanded participation of our citizens in their own government. This was critical. Without expanded inclusion, American democracy would have failed because so many of our people would not have had a stake in its survival. Until the last decade or two, this evolution was generally for the better. It fostered individual rights, more inclusion in the social, economic and political life of the country, and it spurred greater standards of public accountability and ethical behavio...

Acquisition Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acquisition Strategy - Research Paper Example I’ll pick two of the most important ones and discuss them; Walmart and Google. Both these companies are from totally different industries and have made a benchmark for the rest of the business world. It’s not an unusual thing to hear Google taking its business to new levels by massive buyouts such as YouTube and DoubleClick, or even partnership with huge companies such as with AOL and MySpace. However, Google’s acquisition strategies are different from most of the other companies. Many of their acquisitions seem to come out of nowhere and seem totally random. The secret of Google’s success is to follow the numbers. With their data acquisition and statistical gathering technologies —Web Search, AdWords, Blog Search, Maps, GoogleBot, Finance, AdSense, and so on — Google calculates and analyze the following and then work on the acquisition strategy: Walmart has laid out its core strategies to create the â€Å"Next Generation Walmart† as the company approaches deliverance on founder Sam Walton’s dream of giving the world â€Å"an opportunity to see what it’s like to save and have a better life†. Wal-Mart mostly works on overseas acquisitions as U.S based companies acquiring would face anti-trust problems. Walmart’s biggest acquisition strategy is to move into new cities and countries and sell high range of products in low prices. After building trust among the local customers walmart goes for acquiring other companies. One of the most substantial things that play a significant role in walmart’s acquisition strategy is its goodwill. I don’t think there would be anyone in any part of globe who would not know about the walmart chain of stores. This is what helps walmart in applying their acquisition strategy and give them their desired results. In easy words; walmart Moves in, sets u p, sell high range of products in low prices, drive the competition out and take over other companies such as ASDA. Thus, acquisition

Cross-cultural management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cross-cultural management - Assignment Example That is why all objects that are found on the land are living, since they emanated from the land, which gives life, soul and spirit to the living. According to Ferraro’s notion of culture, â€Å"Everything that people have, thinks, and does, they do it as members of a society.† In relation to the aboriginal culture of spirituality, this notion can easily be confirmed. This is because, in the aboriginal culture, spirituality is expressed in the form of ceremonies, paintings and rituals (Holden, 2002 p42). This fact points to the fact that the expression of spirituality in this culture is not done as individual aspect, but rather as a societal aspect, where all people are enjoined either through ceremonies or rituals to conduct their spiritual expressions. There is a great relationship between the aboriginal spirituality and the land, since the aboriginal culture upholds the fact that land is their food, their culture, their identity and their spirit. Therefore, in any as pect of expressing spirituality; the ceremony, the ritual or the painting, has to start and end with the connection of the people to the land, since land is the fundamental aspect of their lives. The ceremonies and the rituals are conducted on land, since land serves as the major bond that links life and the aboriginal people. The tight connection between the spirituality and land concepts in the aboriginal culture emanates from the fact that, the aboriginal people believe that they originated from the land, and they will end up in the land, once they are dead (Velo, 2012 p77). Therefore, to them, land is as good as the spirit that gives them life, and it is a fundamental source of life for them. No wonder therefore that any spiritual aspect of the aboriginal pe

Statement of objectives for Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statement of objectives for Public Policy - Essay Example anagement at Polytechnic Institute of New York University, I share The University of Arkansas’ thrust in participating in community service through planning and outreach programs. I am determined to assist in improving the capacity of public service in a dynamic urban society through furthering education and community engagement. With my master degree, I was credited with 3 Advanced Certificates in Management from the same university, to wit: Advanced Certificate in Information Management, Advanced Certificate in Telecommunication Management, and Advanced Certificate in Human Resource. Equipped with these academic achievements, I am prepared to undertake greater challenges in higher education. My ultimate goal is to be an instrument of change to my country once I completed the Public Policy PhD Program at the University of Arkansas. I believe it is one of the most prestigious institutions which can accord an interdisciplinary approach to the program. I am optimistic in learning various public policies and programs specifically in the area of leadership policy. I would like to be given the opportunity to share the theoretical and practical applications of public policy in Saudi Arabia, which unselfishly provided me with 100% scholarship through the King Abdullah Graduate Studies Scholarship Program. If accepted, I plan to spend part of my time developing greater insight into one of my primary research interests – exploring leadership roles through various applications in contemporary public organizations. For individuals who exemplify characteristics and behavior that demonstrate the concept of leadership in serving society, the most important consideration is to take accountability through an examination of policy design, policy leadership and applications of managerial skills in interorganizational environments. The potentials for research in these areas are vast and diverse and may assist organizations in adapting to changes in the global environment. The

Example of Bullwhipp Effect Essay Example for Free

Example of Bullwhipp Effect Essay The Barilla company, a major pasta producer located in Italy provides a demonstrative of issues resulting from the bullwhip effect. Barilla offered special discounts to their customer who ordered full truckload of their goods. Such marketing deals created customer demand-patterns were highly peaked and volatile. The supply chain costs were so high that they outstripped the benefits from full truckload transportation. The Barilla case was one of the first published cases that empirically supported the bullwhip phenomenon. The 5 major reasons leading to the bullwhip effect according to Lee: Demand signal processing is the is the practice of decision makers adjusting the parameters of the inventory replenishment rule. Target stock levels, safety stocks and demand forecasts are updated in view of information or deviations from targets. Another major cause of the bullwhip problem is the lead-time, which is caused by two components. The physical delays and also delays in cause of information. The lead-time is a key parameter to calculate safety stocks. The third bullwhip creator is the practice of order batching. Economies of scale in ordering, production set-ups or transportation will quite clearly increase order variability. The fourth major cause of bullwhip is highlighted by Lee has to do with price fluctuations. Price discounts and quantity discounts are often offered by retailers. So the retailers buy goods in advance and quantities and store them. This do not reflect their immediate needs. The fifth cause of bullwhip is connected with rationing and shortage gaming. Inflated orders placed by supply chain occupants during shortage periods tend to boost the bullwhip effect. Possibilities to minimize the bullwhip effect (in order to avoid costs): improve communication in the supply chain simultaneousness of actions (therefore time delays and reaction times can be avoided) centralization of disposition establish strategic alliances reduce the variability

The Adaptive Parasite Essay -- Viruses Virus Essays

The Adaptive Parasite Viruses are molecular sharks, a motive without a mind. They have sorted themselves into tribes, and they infect everything that lives. . . . Unknown viruses are coming out of the equatorial wildernesses of the earth and discovering the human race. . . . You might call AIDS the revenge of the rainforest. (Preston 160-61) After reading Richard Preston's ominous and threatening portrayal of viruses in his article "Crisis In The Hot Zone," one may be alarmed enough to invest in surgical scrubs and a space suit to wear as a permanent precaution against these evidently vengeful creatures. In truth, there are lethal viruses that exist for which there is currently no vaccine or cure, and there are various emerging viruses that are infectious to humans. However, despite this unfortunate and frightening reality, Richard Preston and other creative writers may be presenting a misleading depiction of a virus' actual niche within the global ecosystem, modes of infection, and relationship with humans. Science fiction novels and movies like "Outbreak" encourage the public to view viruses as microscopic monsters that exist to ultimately put an end to the human population, but viruses are not motivated by either logic or instinct to kill. In fact, viruses are not motivated at all. They have merely evolved to surv ive by utilizing the raw materials that the ecosystem provides. Viral pathogens have developed, through the selective process of evolution, to exist as parasites, and the inevitable ecological interaction between organisms, the ignorance and negligence of human behavior, and the cultural habits and customs of humanity has enabled a multitude of viruses to emerge and thrive within our population. V... ...S, we cannot expect to eliminate promiscuity or drug use; however, we can encourage protected sex and the use of clean needles. In addition, it would not be wise to eliminate the scientific advances provided by laboratory research on various animals or the benefits of constructing a dam or canal. However, we could, for example, take measures to control the massive propagation of mosquitoes in the event of the construction of a dam or canal. This relatively simple precaution will reduce the occurrence of diseases, such as Rift Valley fever and Yellow Fever, and may save thousands of lives. Although it is virtually impossible to completely prevent viruses from infecting humans, humanity's best defense against viral invasion is communication, education, and awareness to promote cautious behavior and to reduce the number of further outbreaks of deadly viruses.

Providence, Self-Improvement, and Divine Mission: The Qualities of Colonial Literature Essay

Colonial literature from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has made a large impact on society today. Literature from both the Puritan era and the Age of Reason contribute to this impact. Puritans were religious separatists who wished to ‘purify’ the Church of England of its catholic heritage. They believed in predestination; the idea that some people were saved and others were damned. The Puritans would scrutinize themselves for signs of grace from God. Following the Puritan era was the Age of Reason. This was a period of scientific and political enlightenment. It stressed the idea that basic truths can be arrived at through reason, not faith. People began to improve their present, worldly life rather than preparing themselves for an afterlife in Heaven. Three qualities of American writing from the Colonial period are the beliefs of providence, self improvement, and divine mission. The belief in God’s providence is a major feature found throughout Colonial literature. God’s providence was the idea that it was in God’s power to control the salvation and damnation of humans. Their destinies were predetermined and they would live their lives looking for signs of grace. Every outcome of an action was considered a sign as God’s providence. They believed God’s intervention in their everyday lives revealed their fate. The belief in providence is predominately seen throughout Puritan writing, one of which being William Bradford’s Of Plymouth Plantation. William Bradford was a Puritan leader who later became the governor of Plymouth Colony. His narrative described the Puritans’ arrival to the New World. He focused on the relationship the Puritans had with God. He mentioned many signs of God’s providence. The first act of providence was on the seaman. There was a strong, able body seaman who always cursed and condemned the poor sick people on the ship, wishing them to be cast overboard. God then intervened and revealed the seaman’s fate. Bradford wrote, † But it pleased God before they came half seas over, to smite this young man with a grievous disease, in which he died in a desperate manner, and so was himself the first that was thrown overboard† (24). God’s providence exposed the seaman’s damnation. His death was a sign that he was not one of The Elect and did not possess the quality of grace. William Bradford’s Of Plymouth Plantation embodies the belief of providence, a characteristic of Colonial literature. Another characteristic of Colonial literature is the idea of self-improvement. This idea is represented in both Puritan and the Age of Reason literature. It is the idea that people need to attain moral perfection. Benjamin Franklin, an autodidact of the Age of Reason, experimented with the idea of self-improvement. He found self-improvement to be a logical idea that every person should experience because it would better themselves and society. In his autobiography, Franklin wrote, â€Å"I concluded, at length, that the mere speculative conviction that it was our interest to be completely virtuous was not sufficient to prevent our slipping, and that the contrary habits must be broken, and good ones acquired and established, before we can have any dependence on a steady, uniform rectitude of conduct† (80). Franklin devised a method to help him become virtuous. He created a list of thirteen virtues and a plan to attain each one. He believed self-improvement was a realistic approach to achieve moral perfection which would develop a better society. The belief in self-improvement is permeated throughout Colonial literature because it was useful to many people. In the Puritan era, moral perfection was essential to get into Heaven and to avoid Hell. In the Age of Reason reaching moral perfection was a reasonable idea that would better society. It secularized the Puritan values making moral perfection a more rational idea rather than religious. The belief in divine mission is also a characteristic of Colonial literature. Divine mission is the idea that America is a divinely guided nation. Americans believe that God is on their side. This idea is common throughout American writing from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Puritans believed in divine mission and built a pious nation under God. They believed they were â€Å"The Chosen† people of God. In the Age of Reason, this concept continued. Thomas Paine, a radical, revolutionary, pamphleteer expressed the idea of divine mission in his papers, The Crisis. Paine wrote The Crisis papers to boost the morale among the common men and soldiers during the time of the Revolutionary War. He assured a victory against Britain because America was a divinely guided nation. He wrote, â€Å"†¦that God Almighty will not give up a people to military destruction, or leave them unsupportedly to perish, who have so earnestly and so repeatedly sought to avoid the calamities of war, by every decent method which wisdom could intervene† (95). Paine argued that God would help them and not leave them in their time of need. He believed that the idea of divine mission would contribute to a victory over England. Because of God’s celestial powers, the belief in divine mission was widely used throughout Colonial literature. Colonial literature has influenced American history and society. The qualities of writing from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have contributed to this impact. The concept of divine mission is exemplified daily in classrooms across America when children stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance every morning. They all say, â€Å"†¦one nation under God†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also, the phrase â€Å"In God We Trust† is embossed on American currency and was adopted as our nation’s motto. Even now America is viewed as a divinely guided nation. In addition, self-improvement is exercised in the education system. People try to fulfill their greatest potential by improving their knowledge. The public school system enables all individuals the right to an education that will precipitate to a more successful life. In higher education, scholarships are available to those who excel academically but cannot handle the financial obligation. It is clear that qualities of literature from the Puritan era and the Age of Reason are still relevant in today’s American society.

Air Pollution

Imagine that the air that you are breathing may be killing you †¦ well, no need to Imagine as this is the ugly truth. Air pollution is an intractable problem that we have noticed since the industrial revolution and it has increased over the years to become one of our time’s biggest issues. While some air pollution is a result of natural causes such as volcanic eruptions, most is caused by human activities. The first major cause of air pollution is car exhausts which lead to about 50 % of the total air pollution.The second major pollutant is Nitrogen oxides. And last is Sulpher dioxide. But wait!.. Those three are not just the only air pollutants, the causes can be many to name, e. g. fertilizer dust, cement dust, pesticides †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ etc The health effects caused by air pollutants can be drastic. Doctors and researchers have uncovered several diseases that seem to be caused by air pollution, including asthma, lung cancer and heart diseases. Along with harming human h ealth, air pollution can cause a variety of environmental effects, e. g. cid rain, ozone depletion, crop and forest damage and global climate change. There are now various air pollution control technologies and strategies available to help reduce it, People are encouraged now more than ever before to use non-polluting renewable forms of energy and lots of countries have established new legislation concern the protection of the environment. In conclusion, I feel that all the previous solutions go some way to offering a lasting solution to the problem of air pollution and hope to prove workable soon before it’s too late for us and for our planet. Air Pollution Imagine that the air that you are breathing may be killing you †¦ well, no need to Imagine as this is the ugly truth. Air pollution is an intractable problem that we have noticed since the industrial revolution and it has increased over the years to become one of our time’s biggest issues. While some air pollution is a result of natural causes such as volcanic eruptions, most is caused by human activities. The first major cause of air pollution is car exhausts which lead to about 50 % of the total air pollution.The second major pollutant is Nitrogen oxides. And last is Sulpher dioxide. But wait!.. Those three are not just the only air pollutants, the causes can be many to name, e. g. fertilizer dust, cement dust, pesticides †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ etc The health effects caused by air pollutants can be drastic. Doctors and researchers have uncovered several diseases that seem to be caused by air pollution, including asthma, lung cancer and heart diseases. Along with harming human h ealth, air pollution can cause a variety of environmental effects, e. g. cid rain, ozone depletion, crop and forest damage and global climate change. There are now various air pollution control technologies and strategies available to help reduce it, People are encouraged now more than ever before to use non-polluting renewable forms of energy and lots of countries have established new legislation concern the protection of the environment. In conclusion, I feel that all the previous solutions go some way to offering a lasting solution to the problem of air pollution and hope to prove workable soon before it’s too late for us and for our planet.

Procedure of Collecting Data in a Case Study

Procedure of Collecting Data in a Case Study The case study research explores an event, activity, person, process or program in depth. According to Williams (2005), it is a critical analysis of the single or bounded cases within a specified time frame. The structure of the research takes an extensive data collection procedure in the form of a problem, an issue, lesson or, context. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Procedure of Collecting Data in a Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Procedure of collecting data in a case study results from multiple resources such as observation, records, artefacts, interviews and general studies. The conclusion therefore portrays a connection to the studied theories. (Zechmeister et al, 2008) The observational research method, for instance the ethological studies facilitates surveillance and recording of phenomena. In most cases, the research studies are naturally qualitative. A well elaborated and detailed report includ es the measures of behaviour and time as qualitative surveys. Correlation research examines the variation between two or more variables for instance; a research can correlate the smoking habits to the diseases they cause. The techniques for caring out this research include collection of the experimental data, observation without manipulation, thus the difficulty in concluding on the causes and effects. Correlation involves a relationship but it is difficult to find out if it is a casual relationship. It is an exploration mainly built up at the beginning of the research since it lacks final verdict (Zechmeister et al, 2008). Experimental research is conducted in an effort to find an outcome or enforce control over other related variable beside the one on analysis. Experiments are mainly imposed on an independent variable in the laboratory for manipulation or comparison to find out its influence on the dependent variables. This research uses various control groups as the basis for co mparing the experiments. The quasi-experiment research has similarity to the true experiment due to major manipulation s and comparison, but the pre-existing control groups are naturally formed. The variables on study in this research are subject as opposed to independent for instance age. This forms a limitation to the conclusion however, other related variables can account for the same conclusion. According to Zechmeister et al (2008), sometimes these groups are out of control and thus can have different outcomes.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first project situation is ambiguous thus the possibility for various classifications, but it mainly involves observational research technique. The researcher monitors the behaviour of the girl and observably relates the reaction at various times, to adopt the conclusion that relates to the behaviour. The observational techni que is therefore backed by the correlation to deliver the result. The research has strong ethical implication due to the instance to determine behaviour through the observational technique. This seems like the mixed method approach such as combining the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The second situation utilizes the quasi experimental research technique because of the existing naturally pre-defined control groups, namely females and males. Scientifically, the behaviour of the student is the determining factor or sole measure of the possible need for affiliation. The experiment can be a basis for some ethical aspects because the act cannot explicitly determine behaviour. In the last scenario, the correlation research is used due to the variables present for analysis of behaviour. The variables: competitive and cooperative approaches determine the response or final decision by the researcher. Conclusion Today researchers implement various research finding methods in the aim s of qualitative or quantitative research to provide the desired results. The methods are however scientifically designed to offer communicative functions of various forms. In line with Zechmeister et al (2008), quantitative gives the final measure of reality while qualitative explores existence of better understanding of complex phenomenon. References Zechmeister, Jeanne, Zechmeister, Eugene, and Shaughnesey, John. (2008) Essential of Research Methods in Psychology. McGraw-Hill Williams, Carrie B. (2005). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Procedure of Collecting Data in a Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The lived experiences of women in executive positions of the United States federal civil service. D.M. dissertation, University of Phoenix, Arizona

The Congressional Committee System

The Congressional Committee System The congressional committees are subdivisions of the U.S. Congress that concentrate on specific areas of U.S. domestic and foreign policy and general government oversight. Often called the â€Å"little legislatures,† congressional committees review pending legislation and recommend action on that legislation by the whole House or Senate. The congressional committees provide Congress with critical information related to specialized, rather than general subjects. President Woodrow Wilson once wrote of the committees, â€Å"It is not far from the truth to say that Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, whilst Congress in its committee rooms is Congress at work.† Brief History of the Committee System Today’s congressional committee system had its beginnings in the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, the first and still the most ambitious restructuring of the original system of standing committees as used in the First Continental Congress in 1774. Under the 1946 Act, the number of permanent House committees was reduced from 48 to 19 and the number of Senate committees from 33 to 15. In addition, the Act formalized the jurisdictions of each committee, thus helping to consolidate or eliminate several committees and minimize conflicts between similar House and Senate committees. In 1993, a temporary Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress determined that the 1946 Act had failed to limit the number of subcommittees any single committee could create. Today, the rules of the House limit each full committee to five subcommittees, except for the Appropriations Committee (12 subcommittees), Armed Services (7 subcommittees), Foreign Affairs (7 subcommittees), and Transportation and Infrastructure (6 subcommittees). However, committees in the Senate are still allowed to create an unlimited number of subcommittees.   Where the Action Happens The congressional committee system is where the action really takes place in the U.S. law-making process. Each chamber of Congress has committees set up to perform specific functions, enabling the legislative bodies to accomplish their often complex work more quickly with smaller groups. There are approximately 250 congressional committees and subcommittees, each charged with different functions and all made up of members of Congress. Each chamber has its own committees, although there are joint committees comprising members of both chambers. Each committee, going by chamber guidelines, adopts its own set of rules, giving each panel its own special character. The Standing Committees   In the Senate, there are standing committees for: agriculture, nutrition, and forestry;appropriations, which holds the federal purse strings and is, therefore, one of the most powerful Senate committees;armed services;banking, housing, and urban affairs;budget;commerce, science, and transportation;energy and natural resources;environment and public works;finance; foreign relations;health, education, labor, and pensions;homeland security and governmental affairs;judiciary;rules and administration;small business and entrepreneurship; andveterans affairs. These standing committees are permanent legislative panels, and their various subcommittees handle the nuts-and-bolts work of the full committee. The Senate also has four select committees charged with more specific tasks: Indian affairs, ethics, intelligence, and aging. These handle housekeeping-type functions, such as keeping Congress honest or ensuring the fair treatment of American Indians.Committees are chaired by a member of the majority party, often a senior member of Congress. Parties assign their members to specific committees. In the Senate, there is a limit to the number of committees on which one member may serve. While each committee may hire its own staff and appropriate resources as it sees fit, the majority party often controls those decisions. The House of Representatives has several of the same committees as the Senate: agriculture,appropriations,armed services,budget,education and labor,foreign affairs,homeland security,energy and commerce,Judiciary,natural resources,science and technology,small business,and veterans affairs. Committees unique to the House include House administration, oversight and government reform, rules, standards of official conduct, transportation and infrastructure, and ways and means. This last committee is considered the most influential and sought-after House committee, so powerful that members of this panel cannot serve on any other committees without a special waiver. The panel has jurisdiction over taxation, among other things. There are four joint House/Senate committees. Their areas of interest are printing, taxation, the Library of Congress, and the U.S. economy. Committees in the Legislative Process Most congressional committees deal with passing laws. During each two-year session of Congress, literally thousands of bills are proposed, but only a small percentage is considered for passage. A bill that is favored often goes through four steps in committee. First, executive agencies give written comments on the measure; second, the committee holds hearings in which witnesses testify and answer questions; third, the committee tweaks the measure, sometimes with input from non-committee members of Congress; finally, when the language is agreed upon the measure is sent to the full chamber for debate. Conference committees, usually composed of standing committee members from the House and Senate who originally considered the legislation, also help reconcile one chambers version of a bill with the others. Not all committees are legislative. Others confirm government appointees such as federal judges; investigate government officials or pressing national issues; or ensure that specific government functions are carried out, like printing government documents or administering the Library of Congress. Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer who also works as a copy editor for the Camden Courier-Post. She formerly worked for the Philadelphia Inquirer, where she wrote about books, religion, sports, music, films and restaurants. Updated by Robert Longley