Friday, December 27, 2019

Theory and Practice Behind the Creeping Barrage of WW1

The creeping/rolling barrage is a slowly moving artillery attack acting as a defensive curtain for infantry following closely behind. The creeping barrage is indicative of the First World War, where it was used by all belligerents as a way to bypass the problems of trench warfare. It did not win the war (as once hoped)  but played an important role in the final advances.   Invention The creeping barrage was first used by Bulgarian artillery crews during the siege of Adrianople in March 1913, over a year before the war began. The wider world took little notice and the idea had to be re-invented again in 1915-16, as a response to both the static, trench-based, warfare into which the swift early movements of the First World War had stalled  and the inadequacies of existing artillery barrages. People were desperate for new methods, and the creeping barrage seemed to offer them. The Standard Barrage Throughout 1915, infantry attacks were preceded by as massive an artillery bombardment as possible, intended to pulverize both the enemy troops and their defenses. The barrage could go on for hours, even days, with the aim of destroying everything under them. Then, at an allotted time, this barrage would cease - usually switching to deeper secondary targets - and the infantry would climb out of their own defenses, rush across the contested land and, in theory, seize land which was now undefended, either because the enemy was dead or cowering in bunkers. The Standard Barrage Fails In practice, barrages frequently failed to obliterate either the enemys deepest defensive systems and attacks turned into a race between two infantry forces, the attackers trying to rush across No Mans Land before the enemy realized the barrage was over and returned (or sent replacements) to their forward defenses...and their machine guns. Barrages could kill, but they could neither occupy land nor hold the enemy away long enough for infantry to advance. Some tricks were played, such as stopping the bombardment, waiting for the enemy to man their defenses, and starting it again to catch them in the open, only sending their own troops later on. The sides also became practiced at being able to fire their own bombardment into No Mans Land when the enemy sent their troops forward into it. The Creeping Barrage In late 1915/early 1916, Commonwealth forces began developing a new form of barrage. Beginning close to their own lines, the creeping barrage moved slowly forward, throwing up dirt clouds to obscure the infantry who advanced close behind. The barrage would reach the enemy lines and suppress as normal (by driving men into bunkers or more distant areas) but the attacking infantry would be close enough to storm these lines (once the barrage had crept further forward) before the enemy reacted. That was, at least, the theory. The Somme Apart from Adrianople in 1913, the creeping barrage was first used at The Battle of the Somme in 1916, at the orders of Sir Henry Horne; its failure exhibits several of the tactics problems. The barrages targets and timings had to be arranged well beforehand and, once started, could not be easily changed. At the Somme, the infantry moved slower than expected and the gap between soldier and barrage was sufficient for German forces to man their positions once the bombardment had passed. Indeed, unless bombardment and infantry advanced in almost perfect synchronization there were problems: if the soldiers moved too fast they advanced into the shelling and were blown up; too slow and the enemy had time to recover. If the bombardment moved too slow, allied soldiers either advanced into it or had to stop and wait, in the middle of No Mans Land and possibly under enemy fire; if it moved too fast, the enemy again had time to react. Success and Failure Despite the dangers, the creeping barrage was a potential solution to the stalemate of trench warfare and it was adopted by all the belligerent nations. However, it generally failed when used over a relatively large area, such as the Somme, or was relied upon too heavily, such as the disastrous battle of the Marne in 1917. In contrast, the tactic proved much more successful in localized attacks where targets and movement could be better defined, such as the Battle of Vimy Ridge. Taking place the same month as the Marne, the Battle of Vimy Ridge saw Canadian forces attempting a smaller, but much more precisely organized creeping barrage which advanced 100 yards every 3 minutes, slower than commonly tried in the past. Opinions are mixed on whether the barrage, which became an integral part of WW1 warfare, was a general failure or a small, but necessary, part of the winning strategy. One thing is certain: it wasnt the decisive tactic generals had hoped for. No Place In Modern War Advances in radio technology – which meant soldiers could carry transmitting radios around with them and co-ordinate support – and developments in artillery - which meant barrages could be placed much more precisely - conspired to make the blind sweeping of the creeping barrage redundant in the modern era, replaced by pinpoint strikes called in as needed, not pre-arranged walls of mass destruction.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Historical Methodology - 2034 Words

Historical Methodology The Strange Career of Jim Crow, by C. Van Woodward, traces the history of race relations in the United States from the mid and late nineteenth century through the twentieth century. In doing so Woodward brings to light significant aspects of Reconstruction that remain unknown to many today. He argues that the races were not as separate many people believe until the Jim Crow laws. To set up such an argument, Woodward first outlines the relationship between Southern and Northern whites, and African Americans during the nineteenth century. He then breaks down the details of the injustice brought about by the Jim Crow laws, and outlines the transformation in American society from discrimination to Civil Rights.†¦show more content†¦Litwack writes that even though, â€Å"Railroads in Massachusetts and schools in Boston eliminated Jim Crow before the Civil War†¦Whites of South Boston boasted in 1847 that ‘not a single colored family’ lived among them.† [3] To further support this idea, Woodward explains how fervently Northern whites believed in their supremacy over African Africans. He effectively does so by citing Abraham Lincoln saying in 1858 that, â€Å"‘†¦I am not, nor every have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ [4] Even though the Northern states did not set a good example of racial equality for the Southern states, the years of Reconstruction did have a positive affect on Southern African Americans, as seen by the conditions in the South after Northern troops were removed in 1877. Woodward argues that segregation and injustice still was not as widespread in this post 1877 era as it was in the 1890’s. His argument is effective because he uses accounts from a variety of reliable sources to support his claim. For example, British Parliament member Sir George Campbell’s describes his 1879 trip across much of the South and surprisingly remarkes that, â€Å"‘the humblest black rides with the proudest white on terms of perfect equality†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ [5] Instead of clear discrimination and separation, Sir Campbell wasShow MoreRelatedHistorical Development Of The Ruled Based System Methodology986 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical Development of the Ruled-based system meth odology 95 Computer-based clinical decision support (CDS) system employ decision rules that either uses procedure rules or production rules. A procedure is a compilation of data and logical statements that influence them by using control structures to control the decision-making flow. A rule-based system, utilizing a heuristic approach, comprises a set of statements called production rules. Production rules were initially studied in the 1940s andRead MoreWho is Leonard Bloomfield?624 Words   |  2 Pagespracticed in historical Indo-European, particularly Germanic and philology. Then, he turned to the study of Tagalog, a Malayo-Polynesian language, during World War I. In 1917, he turned out to be more interested in a more reachable language family which is the Algonquian. His linguistic work with Indians of the Algonquian family in Wisconsin was not merely descriptive, he also applied the historical linguistic procedures to this language family. He showed that the neogrammarian methodology of assumingRead MoreIt s It Of The Problem Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pageslack of specialists of American English gave me an idea to study the peculiarities of the given problem. The aim of the research is to study the reason of increasing numbers of borrowings in English language Tasks: -Investigation of the impact of historical events on the development of English vocabulary -The reason of appearance of borrowed words in English vocabulary -Classification of borrowings according -Role of borrowings in the development of English vocabulary -Borrowings from different languagesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Pronunciation Ability and Listening Ability5278 Words   |  22 Pages Literature Review * Linguistics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 * Phonology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......5 * Pronunciation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 * Listening†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 * Company profile†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Research Methodology * Research Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 * Population and Sample†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 * The Research Instrument†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 * The Data Processing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 * Result and Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...18 Read MoreFaculty of Computer and Information Systems4685 Words   |  19 Pagesparticular approach may be relevant to more than one subject (Checkland, 1981). 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Specific objectives are statements that try to achieveRead MoreSdlc23489 Words   |  94 Pages2 System Development Life Cycle Methodology Learning Objectives : †¢ To introduce the general concepts of various approaches of systems development, their framework, advantages and disadvantages; †¢ To explain in detail the phases involved in Systems Development Life Cycle(SDLC); †¢ To understand the key issues while acquiring or developing system for achieving goals set; †¢ To discuss in detail various System Development Tools like – DFD, Decision Tree, Flowcharts etc.; and Read MoreThe Controversy Of The 1969 Stonewall Riots919 Words   |  4 Pagesrelevance in both a historical and political context that continues into the present day. Furthermore, another key importance for the publication of this monograph stands that while the voluminous documentation of the progression in LGBT+ rights Post-Stonewall exists, serious evaluation and comparison of the rights already developing before the 1969 Riots became widely publicized. â€Å"Riots for Rights: the Debatable Influence of Stonewall† would expand upon these facets and further the historical understandingRead MoreKaspil1 Quiz 1 Essay630 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Pablo, Carlo Rayniel R. KASPIL2 EJ 11022329 Sir Jose Victor Torres Quiz 1 1. Discuss the similarities and differences between the historical methodologies of Renato Constantino and Reynaldo Ileto. It is not related to any religious beliefs. The similarity between Constantino’s and Ileto’s methodology is that they both believed in the idea that Filipino history should also be focused upon the common people. Constantino believed that one of the biggest mistakes committed by historians

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Statistics and Business Research Method Leadership Performance

Question: Discuss about the Statistics and Business Research Method for Leadership Performance. Answer: Introducrtion: The Impact of Leadership on the Performance of the Organizations: A Study of Small Scale Enterprises in Nigeria The definition or concept of leadership varies from one particular situation or person to another. The application of leadership can be witnesses in various endeavours of human, such as business, politics, social works, and academics. Based on the argument raised by Messick and Kramer (2014), the degree to which individuals demonstrate their leadership traits not only depends on their personal abilities and characteristics, but also on the nature of related situation and environment. The performance of leadership directly links with the improvement of organizational performance. The basic growth of organizational performance is attributed to the certain modifications of leadership. Hence, it is crucial for the empirical studies to generate a link between leadership and performance of the organization from the context of the small-scale industries of Nigeria. Literature developed formerly failed to investigate the specific nature of relationship between leadership and performance from the certain industrial perspective. Research Questions Following research questions are developed to guide the investigation as part of the study: What is the effect of key leadership styles on the performance of the small-scale organizations of Nigeria? How leadership behaviours connect with the performance of the organization? What are the conceptualisations and measures of organizational performance? Theory, Assumptions, and Background Literature Reviewing the literature takes the pivotal role in the field of studying organizational behaviours. Based on the priority of this study, it has been noticed that leadership plays the dynamic role in shaping up the interactions among the individuals and organizations. In other words, the capabilities associated with leadership control the ability to manage and execute the collaborated efforts within the organization. Lee and Chuang (2012) explained that an excellent leader not only motivates the potential capabilities of its subordinates, but also ensure the availability of the requirements to facilitate the organization achieving its predefined goals. With compliance to the particular understanding, the argument developed by Stogdill (2013) referred leadership as the set of behaviours guiding the group of individuals to achieve the common goals of the business. Similarly, Fry (2013) has indicated leadership as the utilisation of effective strategies for offering inspirations to the s taffs with the aim of enhancing their performance and ultimately contributing to the growth and development. On the other hand, the statement made by Mehra et al. (2014) suggested that the leadership styles and approaches are responsible to help the organizations outperform others in the similar industry. Therefore, the leaders are responsible to adopt the appropriate leadership styles and techniques to develop collective norms for the team members for assisting them coping up with the environment and coordinating their collective actions. Variables and Hypothesis The hypothesis with the dependent and independent variables of the study are identified below: H0: There is no vital correlation between the specific styles of leadership and productivity of the organization. H1: There is the presence of vital correlation between the specific styles of leadership and productivity of the organization. H2: The productivity of the organizational performance depends on the appropriateness of leadership behaviours depending on the specific situations and environment. Research Methodologies and Techniques The research is intended to involve some appropriate set of approaches or methods to investigate and analyse the collected data for finding the solutions to the chosen problem. The particular study is performed to examine the impact of leadership on the growth of the firms in the identified market segment and the achievement of organizational objectives. Considering the nature of the study, both quantitative and qualitative research methods will be applied for satisfying the aim of collecting relevant and in-depth information. As part of the quantitative method, mainly the statistical and numerical data will be collected. It will mainly represent the countable results out of the process. Hence, the particular process will help to generate the average or highs and lows for ranking the results. Unlike quantitative research approach, qualitative research will deal with the systematic utilisation of the specific set of procedures supporting the development of solutions to the identified problem of the study. The particular process of research is important to obtain the culture-oriented information associated with the organization, such as the values, opinions, behaviours, and social and cultural contexts of the organizational members. The information obtained from the identified method is expected to develop a complete overview of the ch osen context to achieve the aims and objective of the particular study. Research Process The research is primarily based on the collection of primary data with the help of questionnaires for the employees working at the small-scale organizations of the chosen country. Apart from that, the collection of primary data is also planned to be based on conducting an interview with the leaders and managers of the chosen enterprises. On the other hand, the qualitative data is expected to be collected through the analysis of past research and information about the chosen industry. The study conducted to determine the specific impact of leadership on the organizational performance would be included in the particular process to develop the key outcomes. Data Collection and Analysis In order to determine the key reflections from the collected data, correlation coefficient will be utilised primarily for indicating the nature and extent of relationship between the leadership styles or behaviours and the productive performance of the selected enterprises. It will help the study to answer the negative or positive correlation between the depended or independent variables associated with the study. Apart from that, statistical analysis using the tables and graph charts will be applied for measuring the results extracted from the primary data collection process and reaching for the significant outcomes of the study. Expected Research Outcomes The outcome of the research is expected to reveal the positive but insignificant relationships between the leadership styles and behaviours on the followers and performance of the organization. The leadership traits are the main driving force to determine the inspiration and motivations among the subordinates where these characteristics depend largely on the relative situations of the organization. References Basford T, Offermann L and Wirtz P, 'Considering The Source: The Impact Of Leadership Level On Follower Motivation And Intent To Stay' (2012) 19 Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies Boyatzis R, Good D and Massa R, 'Emotional, Social, And Cognitive Intelligence And Personality As Predictors Of Sales Leadership Performance' (2012) 19 Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies Choudhary A, Akhtar S and Zaheer A, 'Impact Of Transformational And Servant Leadership On Organizational Performance: A Comparative Analysis' (2012) 116 J Bus Ethics de Waal A and Sivro M, 'The Relation Between Servant Leadership, Organizational Performance, And The High-Performance Organization Framework' (2012) 19 Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies Erkutlu H, 'The Impact Of Organizational Culture On The Relationship Between Shared Leadership And Team Proactivity' (2012) 18 Team Performance Management Neves P, 'Organizational Cynicism: Spillover Effects On SupervisorSubordinate Relationships And Performance' (2012) 23 The Leadership Quarterly Normann M,The Influence Of German Top Executives On Corporate Policy And Firm Performance(Peter Lang 2012) Phillips J, Phillips P and Ray R,Measuring Leadership Development(McGraw-Hill 2012).

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Romeo And Juliet Essays (618 words) - English-language Films

Romeo And Juliet Daniela Conde A Motherly Role In the Shakespearean Tragedy, Romeo and Juliet we discover how strong the power of love really is. Romeo and Juliet never attempt to change the position of the two opposing households with their hearts but tragically succeed in the end, with the taking of their lives. They both kept the news of their actions hidden from their family but Juliet was the one who lied ridiculously to her parents, especially to her mother, someone who she should've learned to trust. But how could she? Lady Capulet was often portrayed as a cold and distant authority figure that Juliet feared instead of loved and confided in. A loving relationship between the two should've been established from the beginning. ? When it did taste the wormwood on the nipple of my dug and felt it bitter, pretty fool, to it tetchy and fall out with the dug,? (Shakespeare 749). This quote by Nurse Angelica informs us that not only did Lady Capulet not bond with Juliet by letting her drink the milk of her breasts, but also permitted the nurse to become more of a motherly figure for Juliet. Lady Capulet was too morally selfish to see that her daughter was going to grow up to love and a trust Nurse Angelica instead of her self. When she finally recognizes her faults in raising Juliet, it is too late! That's why when Juliet seeks advice about the virtues of love her mother is never in consideration. Many mixed feelings keep Juliet from revealing the truth to her mother. Within them lies the fear of her mother's disapproval of her grand devotion for Romeo. Lady Capulet imposes fear upon Juliet by festering her about marrying County Paris. She succeeds when Juliet responds to her badgering by announcing, ?I'll look to like, if looking liking move; but no more deep will I endart mine eye then your consent gives strength to make it fly,? (Shakespeare 751). This shows that Lady Capulet has such a control over her daughter that consent is needed over her marriage decisions. The friend is not found in her mother but instead a figure of authority is found. So then, who is the real crony? Nurse Angelica is the person that Juliet trusted the most with her troubles. She's announced as the real mother silently within Juliet's actions. But the trust that has developed between them that could never sprout among her mother and she soon takes a plummet to the ruins of betrayal. Nurse Angelica tells Juliet to marry Paris and forget her Romeo. Juliet soon storms into wild frenzy and spits bitter words against the nurse, ?Ancient damnation! O most wicked fiend,? (Shakespeare 815). At this point, a girl would most commonly turn to her mother for some words of wisdom. Lady Capulet is the mother, but not in the eyes of Juliet because their relationship was never tightly knit or knit at all. Juliet was far too frightened of the passionless authority figure in Lady Capulet that she didn't allow her emotions to ever connect with her mothers. Thus, the secrets that Juliet kept were revealed until the end when she lied dead on the floor of the vault. That was when Lady Capulet realized how distant her relationship really was with her daughter. The gap between them must have been one of the factors that lead to Juliet's secrets and ended in the taking of her life. If her mother would've have interrogated Juliet on her feelings, she might have noticed Juliet was keeping something. Lady Capulet played her character impeccable but as the mother, she failed capturing the real motherly role! Bibliography I am an a student? Shakespeare Essays